Ketahanan Ekonomi Masyarakat Pulau-Pulau Kecil Terluar Perbatasan (Studi Kasus Kepulauan Marore)
Date
2021Author
Nugroho, Luhur
Kusumastanto, Tridoyo
Nababan, Benny Osta
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The outermost small islands of the border are strategic areas but do not yet have a platform for their development, Presidential Decree No. 6 of 2017 concerning the determination of the outermost small islands states that the 92 outermost border islands are valuable assets having potential natural resources that can be developed. The Marore Island is one of the 92 outermost islands of the border which composed by several islands, namely: Marore Island, Kawio Island, Kemboleng Island, Matutuang Island, and an uninhabited island called Mamanuk Island. Geostrategically those islands bear a role as border area of the Indonesian state. The Marore Islands as a valuable asset cannot be neglected, since the condition of the economic resilience of the people who inhabit the region depends on natural resources that come from limited land area (agriculture, plantation and animal husbandry, coast and sea (capture fisheries).
The selected methodology in this research is a case study of the economic resilience of the people of the outermost border small islands. Primary data was obtained by field observation and in addition of secondary data for the analysis of this study. The purposive sampling method was selected to determine the subjects and followed by data analysis. There are several diversified analysis includes within the evaluation: historical economy obtained form literature review, diachronic analysis, and phenomenological analysis; The vulnerability and isolation of the area are evaluated through vulnerability index analysis and isolation index analysis, comparative analysis of developing village index; Welfare analysis through the aspect of average aggregate income, average aggregate consumption, residual income and underground economy; Economic resilience index analysis; DPSIR analysis; and dynamic model analysis.
The results of the historical economy research shows that the people of the Marore Islands and the southern Philippines region have historical and genealogical cultural closeness hence it greatly influences the pattern of economic and social activities of the Marore Islands community. This similarity comes from geo proximity of the Marore Islands region to the southern Philippines (General Santos, Davao, Balut Island, and Sarangani Island). Having a geographical distance from the mainland area also generates an impact on the vulnerability and isolation of the region to the surrounding area (the capital city of the Sangihe Islands Regency), through vulnerability index analysis and isolation, shows that Marore Islands have vulnerability index (V_KM) of 3.34 with the category of moderate vulnerability and isolation index (I_KM) of 2.56 with a fairly isolated category, while the results of the comparative analysis of the Marore Archipelago Village Index show a very significant difference between the status issued by the Ministry of Villages of the Republic of Indonesia 2019 and the results of the Village Building Index analysis which are obtained directly. The differences between index value results were presumed due to different point of view while collecting the information. The values and numbers used in the Village Building Index Ministry of Villages of the Republic of Indonesia 2019 rely on data obtained through local agencies, while the calculation of comparative analysis uses data obtained directly and secondary data and followed by contemporary tests on-site.
According to the analysis of economic activity, social activity, regional vulnerability, and regional isolation, it was ellaborated direct and indirect impact on both income and consumption level of the people of the Marore Islands. The results shows that the average income aggregate have a value of Rp. 16,193,594.15 and the average consumption aggregate is Rp. 4,608,778.63 monthly. The remaining income of the people of the Marore Islands which is not consumed in productive activities is obtained by reducing the average value of aggregate income by the average consumption aggregate which generates a value of Rp. 11,584,815.52. The underground economy activity is closely related to the cultural patterns between Marore Islands community and people of the southern Philippines. The income from underground economy activities in one trip by using Pumpboat is approximately ± Rp. 15,520,000.00. The activity of the underground economy from a cultural point of view or in the eyes of the people of the Marore Islands is purposed to sustain their ancestor’s activities.
The economic resilience of the people of the Marore Islands reach an index value of the (〖ERI〗_PPKTP) of 1.71 hence a fairly resilient economic resilience index with a very good level of community welfare. The economic resilience of the people of the Marore Islands is structured through several variables, namely: average income aggregate, average consumption aggregate, regional vulnerability index, regional isolation index, domestic and foreign market access (Philippines), residual income, and the underground economy.
Optimal conditions in the management and utilization of coastal resources in the outermost border islands of the Marore Islands can be carried out through the following steps: 1) Forming a new institution for the management of resources originating from the community or collaboration between elements of the community. 2) Revising Strategic Ecological Areas through Zoning Plans for Coastal Zone and Small Islands of North Sulawesi, and 3) Forming policies in optimal management of the potentials of the outermost small islands of the Marore Island.
The economic resilience of the people of the outermost small islands of the Marore Islands based on dynamic simulations is carried out by reducing regional isolation and the dependence of the underground economy by increasing the utilization of the Marore Islands region's resources.
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- MT - Economic and Management [2878]