Keanekaragaman Petai di Sumatera Bagian Tengah

Abstract

Petai (Parkia speciosa Hassk.) merupakan salah satu jenis Parkia yang paling dikenal dan mudah dijumpai. Tanaman ini tersebar di Indonesia, Brunei Darussalam, Semenanjung Malaysia, Filipina, dan Thailand. Di Indonesia petai tumbuh pada ketinggian 0-1400 m dpl. Petai merupakan tanaman yang memiliki biji beraroma khas dan banyak dimanfaatkan masyarakat sebagai lalap dan bumbu. Petai selama ini memiliki banyak potensial yang harus dipelajari, khususnya keanekaragaman dan pemanfaatannya, tetapi informasi tersebut belum sepenuhnya terungkap. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui keanekaragaman dan distribusi petai di Sumatera tengah berdasarkan ciri morfologi. Pengambilan 29 aksesi petai dilakukan pada bulan Juli 2017 hingga Februari 2019 di Sumatera Barat, Riau, dan Jambi. Informasi tentang keberadaan petai di lapang diperoleh dengan menggunakan metode jelajah serta mewawancarai masyarakat dan pedagang petai di pasar. Sampel petai yang diambil yaitu cabang berdaun, perbungaan dan buahnya. Karakterisasi morfologi dan identifikasi spesimen petai dilakukan di lapangan dan Laboratorium Botani, Departemen Biologi, FMIPA UNRI. Pengamatan ciri morfologi dilakukan menggunakan 40 ciri morfologi menggunakan analisis Similarity for Qualitative Data (SIMQUAL), dengan indeks keserupaan Simple Macthing (SM) dan dikelompokkan dengan metode Unweighted Pair group Method with Arithmetic Average (UPGMA). Selanjutnya 40 ciri morfologi diseleksi kembali berdasarkan prinsip mudah dilihat serta, keberagaman, keseragaman and stabil (DUS). Hasil pemilihan yaitu 9 ciri morfologi yang selanjutnya dianalisis kembali hubungan keeratannya dengan menggunakan metode UPGMA. Petai di Sumatera bagian tengah bervariasi pada ciri kulit batang luar, bentuk helaian anak daun dan ujung anak daun, perbungaan, polong, dan biji. Hasil analisis 29 aksesi petai menggunakan 40 ciri dan 9 ciri morfologi terpilih menunjukkan bahwa petai digolongkan menjadi 2 kelompok utama. Kelompok A mengacu kepada jenis Parkia speciosa Hassk. yaitu petai “Baluru”, “Gabak”, “Padi” dan “Papan”, sedangkan kelompok B mengacu kepada jenis Parkia singularis yaitu petai “Langsono”. Kajian terhadap hasil pengelompokkan menunjukkan bahwa petai dari Suamatera bagian tengah tergolong kedalam kultivar lokal. Hasil ini dapat dijadikan titik awal dalam menggolongkan petai kedalam batas-batas kultivar yang bertujuan untuk melakukan pengembangan dan pemanfaatan petai dengan landasan yang lebih kuat. Untuk itu penelitian lanjutan melibatkan segi agronomi perlu dilakukan.

Petai (Parkia speciosa Hassk.) is one of the best known species and easy to find of Parkia. Naturally, petai is distributed in Indonesia, Brunei Darussalam, Peninsular Malaysia, Philippines, and Thailand. In Indonesia, this species ecologically grows at an altitude of 0-1400 m asl. Petai has a distinctive aroma. People often use petai for salad and seasoning. Petai still has a lot of potentials to be studied especially for its diversity and benefits, but information about its diversity and benefit has not been fully revealed. This study aims to determine the diversity and distribution of petai in Central Sumatra based on morphological characteristics. The collection of 29 petai accession was conducted from July 2017 to February 2019 in West Sumatra, Riau and Jambi. Information about the existence of petai in the field was obtained by using exploration methods as well as interviewing people and petai traders in the market. Petai samples taken were leafy branches, inflorescences, and fruit. Morphological characterization and identification of petai specimens were carried out in the field and Botanical Laboratory, Department of Biology, FMIPA UNRI. Observation of morphological features was conducted using 40 morphological characters analyzed by Similarity for Qualitative Data (SIMQUAL), with Simple Matching (SM) similarity index, and grouped by the Unweighted Pair Group Method with Arithmetic Average (UPGMA). Furthermore, 40 morphological characteristics were reselected based on the principles of easy visibility and diversity, uniform, and stable (DUS). The results of the selection were 9 morphological characteristics, which were then reanalyzed for their relationships using the UPGMA method. Petai in central Sumatra varies in the characteristics of the outer stem bark, the shape of the leaflets and the tips of the leaflets, inflorescences, pods, and seeds. The analysis results of 29 petai accession based on 40 and 9 morphological characteristics showed that petai were classified into two main groups. Group A refers to Parkia speciosa Hassk. species of petai “Baluru”, “Gabak”, "Padi" and "Papan", while group B refers to Parkia singularis species of petai “Langsono”. The cluster analysis showed that petai from central Sumatra were classified into local cultivars. This results can be used as a starting point in classifying petai into cultivar boundaries that aim to develop and utilization of petai based on a stronger data. For this reason, further research involving agronomic aspects is necessary.