Daya Saing Biji Kakao dan Produk Olahan Kakao Indonesia di Pasar Internasional

Abstract

Kakao memberikan kontribusi pendapatan nasional ketiga tertinggi setelah karet dan kelapa sawit. Sebagian besar kakao Indonesia diekspor dalam bentuk biji. Namun, setelah adanya kebijakan bea keluar terhadap biji kakao terjadi perubahan struktur ekspor yang semula didominasi biji bergeser menjadi produk olahan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengevaluasi perkembangan dan struktur ekspor kakao setelah adanya kebijakan bea keluar dan menganalisis daya saing biji kakao Indonesia dan beberapa produk olahannya. Metode yang digunakan adalah indeks Revealed Comparative Advantage (RCA), Indeks Spesialisasi Perdagangan (ISP), dan Export Product Dynamics (EPD). Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa daya saing biji kakao Indonesia setelah adanya kebijakan bea keluar diukur dengan metode RCA mengalami penurunan signifikan bahkan pada tahun 2016 sampai 2018 nilai RCA biji kakao Indonesia kurang dari satu yang artinya biji kakao Indonesia tidak memiliki keunggulan komparatif. Sedangkan daya saing produk olahan kakao Indonesia kecuali coklat mengalami peningkatan, nilai RCA pasta kakao, lemak kakao, dan bubuk kakao menunjukkan ketiga produk tersebut memiliki keunggulan komparatif.

Cocoa provides the third highest contribution to national income after rubber and palm oil. Most of Indonesia's cocoa is exported in the form of beans. However, after the export tax policy for cocoa beans, there was a change in the export structure, which was originally dominated by cocoa beans, shifted to processed products. This study aims to evaluate the development and structure of cocoa exports after the export tax policy and to analyze the competitiveness of Indonesian cocoa beans and some of their processed products. The methods used are Revealed Comparative Advantage (RCA), Trade Specialization Index (ISP), and Export Product Dynamics (EPD). The results showed that the competitiveness of Indonesian cocoa beans after the export tax policy measured by the RCA method decreased significantly, even 2016 to 2018 the RCA value of Indonesian cocoa beans was less than one, meaning that Indonesian’s cocoa beans did not have a comparative advantage. While the competitiveness of processed Indonesian cocoa products except chocolate has increased, the RCA value of cocoa paste, cocoa butter, and cocoa powder shows that these three products have a comparative advantage.