Pengembangan Sistem Pengamatan dan Peramalan Organisme Pengganggu Tanaman (OPT) Padi (Oryza sativa L.) Pada Era Digital
Date
2021-07-12Author
Mahmud, Amir
Triwidodo, Hermanu
Nurmansyah, Ali
Metadata
Show full item recordAbstract
Peningkatan produksi padi diperlukan untuk memenuhi konsumsi bahan pangan pokok masyarakat. Pemerintah Indonesia telah mengeluarkan program swasembada pangan untuk menjaga ketersediaan bahan pangan. Peningkatan produksi harus diikuti dengan perlindungan selama proses budidaya dari risiko kegegalan panen, seperti serangan organisme pengganggu tanaman. Kementerian pertanian telah menempatkan petugas pengendali organisme pengganggu tumbuhan di seluruh wilayah Indonesia. Petugas pengendali organisme pengganggu tumbuhan memiliki tugas pokok dan fungsi melakukan pengamatan perkembangan organisme penganggu tanaman, peramalan dan pengendalian, membuat rekomendasi pengendalian, dan melakukan bimbingan di kelompok tani. Jumlah petugas pengendali organisme pengganggu tumbuhan di tahun 2018 sebanyak 3731 orang petugas. Jumlah petugas tersebut tidak mencukupi luas wilayah kecamatan yang memiliki potensi pertanian, dibandingkan jumlah kecamatan yang potensial sebanyak 6340 kecamatan.
Jumlah sumber daya manusia pengendali organisme pengganggu tumbuhan yang terbatas, serta terlalu luas wilayah kerja akan berdampak pada kinerja petugas di lapangan. Pengumpulan dan sumber data serangan organisme pengganggu tanaman sangat tergantung dari petugas di tingkat kecamatan, sehingga proses penggambaran sebaran dan pelaporan menjadi lama dan lambat. Pemberian daya dukung dalam melakukan pengamatan pada saat ini diperlukan, salah satunya pemanfaatan teknologi remote sensing. Penggunaan teknologi yang mudah dioperasikan, mudah diakses, dan cakupan wilayah pengamatan yang luas sangat dibutuhkan petugas pengendali organisme pengganggu tumbuhan saat ini. Penggunaan teknologi remote sensing mampu mendeteksi suatu vegetasi di permukaan bumi secara detail dengan menggunakan resolusi tinggi (spasial, spektral, temporal). Penelitian ini memiliki beberapa tujuan yaitu mengevaluasi kinerja pengendali organisme pengganggu tumbuhan di era digital saat ini dalam melakukan pengamatan dan peramalan organisme pengganggu tanaman di Kabupaten Subang, mengidentifikasi luas serangan organisme pengganggu tanaman menggunakan citra satelit MODIS/Terra, membangun protokol pengamatan organisme pengganggu tanaman dan dampak perubahan iklim secara spasial menggunakan penginderaan jauh dan sistem infromasi geografis (SIG).
Penelitian ini dilakukan pada bulan Januari-September 2020 di Kabupaten Subang, Provinsi Jawa Barat. Proses penelitian dibagi menjadi dua tahap, yaitu wawancara dan interpretasi citra satelit. Penentuan responden berdasarkan metode purposive sampling, responden merupakan petugas pengendali organisme pengganggu tumbuhan terampil yang dipilih berdasarkan jumlah kecamatan dalam satu kabupaten. Kabupaten Subang terdapat 30 kecamatan dengan satu petugas pengendali organisme pengganggu tumbuhan terampil di setiap kecamatan, sehingga didapatkan jumlah responden sebanyak 30 petugas. Hasil wawancara dianalisis menggunakan metode Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP). Pengolahan data citra satelit menggunakan MODIS/Terra untuk indeks vegetasi, DEM SRTM untuk elevasi lahan, CHIRPS v.02 untuk anomali curah hujan dan indeks Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI). Pengolahan data citra satelit untuk mengidentifikasi luas serangan OPT dan DPI yang ada pada akuisisi data tahun 2016-2020 dan data curah hujan tahun 2010-2020.
Hasil penelitian menunjukkan petugas pengendali organisme pengganggu tanaman terampil di Kabupaten Subang saat ini mengalami regenerasi. Rentang umur petugas didominasi oleh umur 21-30 tahun dengan status tenaga harian lepas sebesar 87%, pengalaman 1-3 tahun sebesar 27% dan pendidikan SMA/SMK sebesar 47%. Hasil evaluasi kinerja petugas pengendali organisme pengganggu tanaman terampil di Kabupaten Subang saat ini dipengaruhi beberapa faktor yaitu pelaporan, fasilitas, dan pengalaman. Pemberian daya dukung dan penyerderhanaa menggunakan teknologi remote sensing di tingkat kabupaten yaitu sebagai identifikasi awal serangan OPT, dan POPT di tingkat kecamatan melakukan pengamatan serta verifikasi.
Hasil analisis penggunaan citra satelit MODIS/Terra diperoleh pola pertumbuhan tanaman padi di tahun 2016-2018 terdapat dua kali musim tanam dalam satu tahun, sedangkan di tahun 2019-2020 hanya satu kali musim tanam di setiap tahunnya. Musim tanam padi tahun 2016 dimulai pada tanggal 18 Januari sampai 24 Mei, sedangkan di tahun 2017 sampai 2019 musim tanam dimulai awal bulan Januari sampai Mei. Awal tanam tahun 2020 sama seperti tahun 2019, akan tetapi puncak pertumbuhan (peakpoint) terjadi pada awal bulan Mei. Luas serangan OPT yang terdeteksi menggunakan indeks vegetasi EVI terluas pada musim tanam pertama tahun 2020 sebesar 68.969 hektar (ha). Ambang (threshold) sebagai pengklasifikasi sehat nilai EVI >0,40 dan tidak sehat <0,40 berdasarkan puncak pertumbuhan tanaman padi pada semua musim tanam 2016-2020. Analisis anomali curah hujan (ACH) dan SPI tahun 2019 bernilai negatif tinggi (<-20%) di sebagian wilayah utara hingga selatan, seperti Kecamatan Pemanukan, Pagaden, dan Cisalak. Increasing rice production is needed to meet the consumption of staple food for the society. The Indonesian government has established a food self-sufficient program to maintain food availability. Increasing production must be following by plant protection during the cultivation process to reduce crop failure, such as attacks from plant pest organisms. The Ministry of Agriculture has placed officers to control plant pest organisms in all Indonesia area. Pest management officer has main job and functions to observe the development of the plant pest organisms, forecasting and control, making the recommendations, and conduct guidance in the farmer groups. The number of officers to control plant pest organisms in 2018 were 3731 officers. The number of officers is not sufficient for districts area that have agricultural potential, compared to the number of potential districts are 6340 area.
The number of human resources to control plant pest organisms is limited; the work area is too large so that it affects the officers’ performance in the field. The collection and source of data on attacks by plant pest organisms is highly depend on officers at the district level, so the process of describing distribution and reporting is long and slow. Providing support in conducting observations using remote sensing technology is very necessary. The use of technology that is easy to operate, access, and covers a wide area of observation is very necessary needed by officers to control plant pest organisms. Remote sensing technology is able to detect vegetation on the earth's surface in detail using high resolution (spatial, spectral, and temporal). This study has several objectives, i.e. evaluating the performance of pest management officers in the digital era in conducting observations and forecasting in Subang Regency, identify area using MODIS/Terra satellite imagery, making observation protocols and spatially affecting climate change using remote sensing and geographic information systems (GIS).
This research was conducted in January-September 2020 in Subang Regency, West Java Province. The research process is divided into two steps, i.e. interviews and interpretation of satellite imagery. Determination of respondents based on purposive sampling method, respondents are skilled pest management officers were selected based on the number of sub-districts in one district. Subang Regency has 30 sub-districts with one skilled officer in each sub-district, so the number of respondents are 30 officers. The results of the interviews were analyzed using the Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) method. Processing of satellite image data using MODIS/Terra for vegetation index, DEM SRTM for land elevation, CHIRPS v.02 for rainfall anomalies and the Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI). Processing of satellite image data to identify the extent of plant pest organism and DPI attacks in 2016-2020 data acquisition and 2010-2020 rainfall data.
The results showed that skilled pest management officers in Subang Regency are currently experience regeneration. The age range of officers are dominated by the age from 21-30 years with the status of casual daily workers by 87%, 1-3 years’ experience by 27% and high school / vocational education by 47%. The results from performance evaluation of skilled pest management officers in Subang Regency are currently influenced by several factors, i.e. report, facilities, and experience. Provide support and simplification using remote sensing technology at the district level, i.e. as an early identification of pest attacks, and pest management officers at the sub-district level conducting ground survey and verification.
The results of the analysis using the MODIS/Terra satellite image show that the growth pattern of rice plants in 2016-2018 had two growing seasons in one year, while in 2019-2020 there was only one growing season each year. The rice-planting season in 2016 started from January 18 to May 24, while in 2017 to 2019 the planting season started from early January to May. The start of planting in 2020 was the same as in 2019, but the peak point occured in early May. The area of pest attack detected using the widest EVI vegetation index in the first planting season of 2020 was 68,969 hectares (ha). Threshold as a healthy classifier EVI value > 0.40 and unhealthy < 0.40 based on the peak growth of rice plants in all 2016-2020 growing seasons. The analysis of rainfall anomalies (ACH) and SPI in 2019 had a high negative value (<-20%) in parts of north to south, such as Pemanukan, Pagaden, and Cisalak Districts.
Collections
- MT - Agriculture [3682]