Struktur Pasar dan Daya Saing Karet Alam Indonesia di Amerika Serikat

Abstract

Karet alam Indonesia berperan penting untuk meningkatkan perekonomian nasional melalui ekspor karet alam ke berbagai negara, termasuk Amerika Serikat. Indonesia perlu melakukan identifikasi posisi dan daya saing karet alam di antara negara pesaing serta peluang pasarnya ke Amerika Serikat. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah menganalisis struktur pasar, keunggulan komparatif dan kompetitif karet alam Indonesia di pasar Amerika Serikat. Analisis dilakukan pada periode tahun 2008 dan 2019 melalui metode Herfindahl Index (HI), Concentration Ratio (CR4), Revealed Comparative Advantage (RCA), Export Product Dynamic (EPD), dan Diamond’s Porter. Hasil analisis menemukan bahwa struktur pasar karet alam Indonesia adalah monopoli dan cenderung sedikit oligopoli. Dibandingkan dengan negara-negara eksportir lainnya, karet alam Indonesia memiliki keunggulan komparatif di pasar Amerika Serikat dengan nilai RCA>1. Keunggulan kompetitif karet alam Indonesia di Amerika Serikat mengalami penurunan dari posisi lost opportunity pada periode pertama (2008-2011) menjadi retreat pada periode ketiga (2016-2019). Hasil dari Diamond’s Porter menunjukkan bahwa terdapat tujuh faktor keunggulan kompetitif dan tiga faktor kelemahan dalam industri karet alam di Indonesia.

Indonesian natural rubber plays a significant role in improving the national economy by exporting natural rubber to various countries, including the United States. Indonesia must identify its natural rubber position and competitiveness among competing countries and market opportunities in the US. This study aims to analyze the market structure, comparative advantage and competitiveness of Indonesian natural rubber in the US market. The analysis was carried out in the period 2008 and 2019 through methods, including Herfindahl Index (HI), Concentration Ratio (CR4), Revealed Comparative Advantage (RCA), Export Product Dynamic (EPD), and Diamond's Porter. The analysis found that the natural rubber market structure in Indonesia is monopolistic and tends to be oligopolistic. Compared to other exporting countries, Indonesian natural rubber has comparative advantage in the US market, as indicated by the RCA>1. The competitiveness of Indonesian natural rubber in the US decline overtime from the lost opportunity position in the first period (2008-2011) to retreat in the third period (2016-2019). The diamond's porter results show that there are seven competitive advantage factors and three weakness factors in Indonesia's natural rubber industry.