Induksi Mutasi In Vitro pada Pisang Cavendish (Musa acuminata L.) dengan Mutagen Kimia EMS

Abstract

Pisang Cavendish (Musa acuminata L.) merupakan komoditas buah bernilai ekonomi tinggi yang banyak diminati, baik di pasar lokal maupun internasional. Pemuliaan melalui teknik mutasi menjadi alternatif dalam menghasilkan varietas unggul, terutama karena sifat steril dan triploid pada pisang komersial yang membatasi pemuliaan konvensional. Penelitian ini bertujuan menentukan konsentrasi LC50 EMS (etil metan sulfonat) yang efektif serta menganalisis pengaruh induksi mutasi dengan mutagen EMS terhadap pertumbuhan dan morfologi tunas pisang Cavendish ‘Siger’. Penelitian disusun menggunakan Rancangan Kelompok Lengkap Teracak satu faktor, yaitu konsentrasi EMS dengan lima taraf (0%, 0,5%, 1%, 1,5%, and 2%) dan 4 kelompok. Eksplan tunas direndam EMS selama dua jam, lalu dikultur pada media MS yang diperkaya. Nilai LC50 diperoleh pada konsentrasi 2,3%. EMS menghambat pertumbuhan tunas, daun, dan akar serta menurunkan tinggi dan bobot segar tunas. Populasi hasil mutasi pada generasi M1V2 dan M1V3 menunjukkan keragaman yang lebih tinggi daripada kontrol pada karakter jumlah daun, jumlah akar, bobot segar, dan tinggi tunas. Keragaman pada warna dan bentuk daun akibat mutasi EMS juga ditemukan dalam penelitian ini. Keragaman diwariskan dari generasi M1V2 ke M1V3 tetapi belum stabil. Nilai duga heritabilitas berada dalam kategori sedang hingga tinggi, karakter jumlah daun dan jumlah akar berpotensi tinggi sebagai dasar seleksi.

Cavendish banana (Musa acuminata L.) is a high-value fruit commodity widely favored in both local and international markets. Mutation breeding is an alternative method to develop superior varieties, particularly due to the sterility and triploid nature of commercial bananas that limit conventional breeding. This study aimed to determine the effective LC50 concentration of EMS (ethyl methanesulfonate) and analyze the effects of EMS mutation induction on the growth and morphology of Cavendish banana ‘Siger’ shoots. Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with a single factor of EMS concentrations with 5 levels (0%, 0,5%, 1%, 1,5%, and 2%) was used in this research. Shoot explants were immersed in EMS solution for two hours and cultured on enriched MS medium. The LC50 value was determined at 2,3%. EMS treatment reduced shoot, leaf, and root growth, also shoot height and fresh weight. The putative mutant populations in the M1V2 and M1V3 exhibited greater variation than the control in traits such as number of leaves, number of roots, fresh weight, and shoot height. Variations in leaf morphology induced by EMS treatment were also observed in this study. The variations were heritable from the M1V2 to M1V3 although not stable yet. The estimated heritability values ranged from moderate to high, suggesting that traits such as leaf number and root number possess great potential as selection criteria.