http://repository.ipb.ac.id/handle/123456789/77 2026-07-09T21:23:18Z http://repository.ipb.ac.id/handle/123456789/174263 Taksonomi dan Bioprospeksi Multifungsional Termitomyces di Institut Pertanian Bogor Zahida, Nadila Sekar Termitomyces merupakan jamur pangan liar yang bersimbiosis obligat dengan rayap subfamili Macrotermitinae dan berperan dalam dekomposisi lignoselulosa dan siklus nutrien di ekosistem tropis, serta berpotensi sebagai sumber pangan fungsional dan senyawa bioaktif. Namun, informasi mengenai keragaman spesies, pola persebaran, serta keterkaitan antara profil metabolit dan bioaktivitasnya di Indonesia masih terbatas. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengeksplorasi persebaran dan keragaman Termitomyces di kawasan IPB Dramaga, mengidentifikasi spesies secara morfologi dan molekuler, serta mengevaluasi kandungan nutrisi, bioaktivitas, dan profil metabolitnya. Penelitian dilakukan melalui eksplorasi lapangan, identifikasi morfologi dan molekuler berbasis ITS rDNA, analisis proksimat, uji bioaktivitas, dan profil metabolit. Bioaktivitas ekstrak Termitomyces dievaluasi menggunakan akuades, metanol, etil asetat, dan n-heksana meliputi aktivitas antibakteri terhadap Bacillus cereus ATCC 10231 dan Escherichia coli ATCC 8739, aktivitas antioksidan menggunakan metode 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) dan 2,2'-azinobis-(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid (ABTS), serta aktivitas antidiabetes melalui inhibisi a-glukosidase. Profil metabolit dianalisis menggunakan Liquid Chromatography–Tandem Mass Spectrometry (LC–MS/MS). Hasil penelitian menunjukkan sembilan spesies Termitomyces terdistribusi pada 119 titik pertumbuhan dengan pola mengelompok pada habitat lembap yang dipengaruhi oleh aktivitas rayap. Identifikasi molekuler mengonfirmasi Termitomyces intermedius dan T. bulborhizus sebagai laporan pertama di Indonesia. Seluruh spesies memiliki kandungan protein tinggi (36,49–41,95 g/100 g) dan serat kasar tinggi (6,45–8,21 g/100 g). Hasil uji bioaktivitas menunjukkan aktivitas antioksidan terkuat pada uji radikal DPPH diperoleh dari ekstrak metanol T. eurrhizus (IC50 35,47 µg/mL), sedangkan ABTS terkuat pada ekstrak akuades T. intermedius (IC50 20,34 µg/mL). Aktivitas antidiabetes paling kuat terhadap inhibisi a-glukosidase ditunjukkan oleh ekstrak n-heksana T. eurrhizus (IC50 43,86 µg/mL). Aktivitas antibakteri terbaik ditunjukkan oleh ekstrak n-heksana T. microcarpus terhadap B. cereus (MIC 500 µg/mL). Analisis LC–MS/MS terhadap tujuh ekstrak terpilih menunjukkan profil metabolit yang berbeda antarspesies dan pelarut, dengan ekstrak polar kaya senyawa antioksidan seperti ergotioneina dan asam p-kumarat, sedangkan ekstrak semi-polar hingga nonpolar didominasi turunan antrakuinon dan asam lemak bioaktif seperti asam ?-linolenat. Penelitian ini merupakan kajian komprehensif pertama yang mengintegrasikan taksonomi, bioaktivitas, dan metabolomik untuk mengungkap potensi multifungsional Termitomyces di Indonesia, sehingga mempertegas potensinya sebagai sumber pangan fungsional dan senyawa bioaktif.; Termitomyces is a wild edible mushroom that forms an obligate symbiosis with termites of the subfamily Macrotermitinae and plays an important role in lignocellulose decomposition and nutrient cycling in tropical ecosystems. In addition, it represents a promising source of functional food and bioactive compounds. However, information on species diversity, distribution patterns, and the relationship between metabolite profiles and bioactivities of Termitomyces in Indonesia remains limited. This study aimed to investigate the distribution and diversity of Termitomyces in the IPB Dramaga area, identify species using morphological and molecular approaches, and evaluate their nutritional composition, bioactivities, and metabolite profiles. The study involved field exploration, morphological and ITS rDNA-based molecular identification, proximate analysis, bioactivity assays, and metabolite profiling. Bioactivity screening of aqueous, methanolic, ethyl acetate, and n-hexane extracts included antibacterial activity against Bacillus cereus ATCC 10231 and Escherichia coli ATCC 8739, antioxidant activity using the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and 2,2'-azinobis-(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS) assays, and antidiabetic activity through a-glucosidase inhibition. Metabolite profiling was performed using Liquid Chromatography–Tandem Mass Spectrometry (LC–MS/MS). The results revealed nine Termitomyces species distributed across 119 growth sites, with a clustered distribution pattern in humid habitats associated with termite activity. Molecular identification confirmed Termitomyces intermedius and T. bulborhizus as first records for Indonesia. All species exhibited high protein content (36.49–41.95 g/100 g) and high crude fiber content (6.45–8.21 g/100 g). Bioactivity assays showed that the strongest antioxidant activity in the DPPH assay was observed in the methanolic extract of T. eurrhizus (IC50 = 35.47 µg/mL), whereas the highest ABTS activity was detected in the aqueous extract of T. intermedius (IC50 = 20.34 µg/mL). The most potent antidiabetic activity through a-glucosidase inhibition was exhibited by the n-hexane extract of T. eurrhizus (IC50 = 43.86 µg/mL). The strongest antibacterial activity was observed in the n-hexane extract of T. microcarpus against B. cereus (MIC = 500 µg/mL). LC–MS/MS analysis of seven selected extracts revealed species- and solvent-dependent metabolite profiles, with polar extracts enriched in antioxidant-associated compounds such as ergothioneine and p-coumaric acid, whereas semi-polar to nonpolar extracts were dominated by anthraquinone derivatives and bioactive fatty acids such as ?-linolenic acid. This study represents the first comprehensive investigation integrating taxonomy, bioactivity, and metabolomics to elucidate the multifunctional potential of Termitomyces in Indonesia, highlighting its promise as a source of functional food and bioactive compounds. 2026-01-01T00:00:00Z http://repository.ipb.ac.id/handle/123456789/174192 JANGKAUAN DISTRIBUSI BARU DAN KARAKTERISTIK HABITAT ULAR AIR TAWAR ENDEMIK Hypsiscopus indonesiensis DARI DANAU TOWUTI, SULAWESI SELATAN Reza, Mohammad Iqra Danau Towuti adalah ekosistem purba Sulawesi dengan banyak spesies endemik lokal, termasuk ular air Hypsiscopus indonesiensis. Terlepas dari fakta bahwa hal tersebut telah dideskripsikan, informasi yang tersedia mengenai distribusi dan karakteristik habitatnya di danau masih sangat terbatas. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah memperbarui data distribusi, mengidentifikasi karakteristik habitat, serta menyediakan dokumentasi visual spesimen hidup pertama di habitat alaminya. Survei lapangan dilakukan pada Januari dan Agustus 2025 di enam lokasi di sekitar Danau Towuti menggunakan metode purposive sampling yang dikombinasikan dengan metode eksplorasi. Selain itu, observasi dilakukan di area perairan terbuka di dekat platform apung (bagan). Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa H. indonesiensis menghuni daerah litoral yang dangkal dengan substrat berbatu, berpasir, atau berlumpur, di mana vegetasi riparian yang rapat didominasi oleh Kjellbergiodendron celebicum dan sistem perakaran terendam. Perluasan jangkauan distribusi spesies ke area limnetik di sekitar bagan dengan kedalaman 90 m merupakan temuan penting dari penelitian ini. Spesies ini ditemukan saat proses penangkapan ikan di sekitar bagan yang ikut terjaring. Hal ini menunjukkan kemampuan daya jelajah yang jauh melampaui perkiraan sebelumnya. Bentuk ekor yang pipih secara lateral, secara morfologis, diduga berperan penting dalam kemampuan H. indonesiensis untuk bergerak secara efisien di perairan terbuka. Penelitian ini juga menyediakan dokumentasi fotografi in situ pertama yang merekam ular di habitat litoral dan perairan terbuka. Temuan ini memperluas jangkauan ekologi H. indonesiensis yang telah diketahui dan mengindikasikan bahwa spesies tersebut mungkin menghuni beragam habitat yang lebih luas di Danau Towuti daripada yang tercatat sebelumnya.; Lake Towuti is an ancient ecosystem in Sulawesi with many local endemic species, including the water snake Hypsiscopus indonesiensis. Despite its description, information on its distribution and habitat characteristics in the lake remains very limited. The objectives of this study are to update distribution data, identify habitat characteristics, and provide visual documentation of the first live specimen in its natural habitat. Field surveys were conducted in January and August 2025 at six locations around Lake Towuti using a combination of purposive sampling and exploratory methods. Additionally, observations were made in open water areas near floating platforms (bagan). The results of the study indicate that H. indonesiensis inhabits shallow littoral zones with rocky, sandy, or muddy substrates, where dense riparian vegetation is dominated by Kjellbergiodendron celebicum and submerged root systems. The expansion of the species' distribution range into pelagic areas (open waters) around the bagan at a depth of 90 m is a key finding of this study. The species was found during fishing operations around the bagan, having been accidentally caught in the nets, indicating a range far exceeding previous estimates. The laterally flattened tail shape is a morphological adaptation that is thought to play a key role in H. indonesiensis ability to move efficiently in open water. This study also provides the first in situ photographic documentation of the snake in both littoral and open-water habitats. These findings expand the known ecological range of H. indonesiensis and suggest that the species may inhabit a wider variety of habitats within Lake Towuti than previously documented. 2026-01-01T00:00:00Z http://repository.ipb.ac.id/handle/123456789/173999 Aktivitas Anti-Alzheimer Ekstrak Rimpang Temulawak Melalui Inhibisi Enzim Asetilkolinesterase dan Pendekatan Molecular Docking Arbi, Faishal Ahmad Penyakit Alzheimer (AD) merupakan penyebab utama demensia yang ditandai oleh penurunan fungsi memori dan kognitif secara progresif. Salah satu mekanisme utamanya adalah degradasi asetilkolin yang berlebihan oleh enzim asetilkolinesterase (AChE) yang mengganggu transmisi kolinergik serta berkontribusi terhadap pembentukan plak ß-amiloid dan serabut neurofibrilar. Rimpang temulawak diketahui mengandung senyawa bioaktif yang berpotensi menghambat aktivitas AChE secara in vitro dan in silico. Penelitian ini bertujuan menganalisis dan mengevaluasi potensi ekstrak EtOH 70% rimpang temulawak sebagai kandidat penghambat AChE melalui pendekatan terintegrasi kimia, biologi, dan komputasi yang terintegrasi. Metode penelitian meliputi analisis kadar air simplisia dengan metode gravimetri serta perhitungan rendemen ekstrak hasil ekstraksi maserasi-remaserasi menggunakan EtOH 70%. Kadar senyawa penciri, yaitu kurkuminoid (CUR, DMC, BDMC) dan xantorizol (XNT) dianalisis menggunakan HPLC. Uji penghambatan aktivitas AChE dilakukan secara in vitro untuk menentukan nilai IC50 ekstrak. Profil metabolit non-targeted diidentifikasi menggunakan UHPLC Vanquish Q Exactive Plus Orbitrap HRMS. Senyawa yang teridentifikasi dievaluasi secara in silico melalui analisis residu penting AChE, preparasi reseptor dan ligan uji, penambatan molekuler, prediksi ADMET dan drug-likeness, serta simulasi dinamika molekular. Donepezil sebagai kontrol positif. Hasil menunjukkan kadar air simplisia sebesar 8,55% dan rendemen ekstrak sebesar 25,37%. Kadar kurkuminoid sebesar 44,54 mg/g ekstrak (CUR); 17,73 mg/g ekstrak (DMC), dan 0,96 mg/g ekstrak (BDMC), sedangkan kadar xantorizol sebesar 97,57 mg/g ekstrak. Nilai IC50 donepezil dan ekstrak masing-masing sebesar 0,03±0,00 µg/mL dan 46,63±0,17 µg/mL. Identifikasi senyawa nontargeted didominasi oleh senyawa golongan seskuiterpen dan kurkuminoid dari 43 senyawa yang teridentifikasi. Evaluasi rongga pengikatan ligan pada AChE menunjukkan adanya gorge yang dalam dan sempit yang terdiri atas situs katalitik dan situs anionik perifer sebagai area penghambatan. Penambatan molekular menunjukkan BDMC dan CYC memiliki energi ikatan lebih besar dibandingkan donepezil, sedangkan DMC, CUR, dan XNT mendekati energi ikatan donepezil. Prediksi ADMET dan drug-likeness menunjukkan senyawa xantorizol memiliki profil bioavailabilitas dan keamanan paling baik dibandingkan kontrol. Simulasi dinamika molekuler mengonfirmasi kestabilan interaksi kompleks AChE-XNT selama simulasi 5 ns, yang didukung oleh parameter RMSD, RMSF, Rg, SASA, dan MM-PBSA. Simpulan penelitian ini yaitu ekstrak EtOH 70% rimpang temulawak berpotensi sebagai sumber senyawa anti-Alzheimer melalui mekanisme penghambatan enzim AChE melalui integrasi in vitro dan in silico.; Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the leading cause of dementia, characterized by progressive decline in memory and cognitive function. One of its main mechanisms is excessive degradation of acetylcholine by the enzyme acetylcholinesterase (AChE), which disrupts cholinergic transmission and contributes to the formation of ß-amyloid plaques and neurofibrillary tangles. Curcuma rhizome is known to contain bioactive compounds that have the potential to inhibit AChE activity in vitro and in silico. This study aims to analyze and evaluate the potential of 70% ethanol extract of curcuma rhizome as a candidate AChE inhibitor through an integrated approach of chemistry, biology, and computation. The research methods included analyzing the moisture content of the crude drug using the gravimetric method and calculating the yield of the extract obtained from maceration-remaceration using 70% ethanol. The content of characteristic compounds, namely curcuminoids (CUR, DMC, BDMC) and xanthorrhizol (XNT), was analyzed using HPLC. The AChE activity inhibition test was conducted in vitro to determine the IC50 value of the extract. The untargeted metabolite profile was identified using UHPLC Vanquish Q Exactive Plus Orbitrap HRMS. The identified compounds were further evaluated in silico through AChE key residue analysis, receptor and test ligand preparation, molecular docking, ADMET and drug-likeness prediction, and molecular dynamics simulation. Donepezil was used as a positive control. The results showed that the moisture content of the crude drug was 8.55% and the extract yield was 25.37%. The curcuminoid content was 44.54 mg/g extract (CUR); 17.73 mg/g extract (DMC), and 0.96 mg/g extract (BDMC), respectively, while the xanthorrizol content was 97.57 mg/g. The IC50 values for donepezil and the extract were 0.03±0.00 µg/mL and 46.63±0.17 µg/mL, respectively. Identification of non-targeted compounds was dominated by sesquiterpenes and curcuminoids among the 43 identified compounds. Evaluation of the ligand-binding pocket in AChE revealed a deep, narrow gorge consisting of a catalytic site and a peripheral anionic site as the inhibition area. Molecular docking showed that BDMC and CYC had higher binding energies compared to donepezil, while DMC, CUR, and XNT were close to donepezil’s binding energy. ADMET and drug likeness predictions indicate that the xantorizol compound has the best bioavailability and safety profile compared to the control. Molecular dynamics simulations confirmed the stability of the AChE-XNT complex interactions during a 5 ns simulation, supported by the RMSD, RMSF, Rg, SASA, and MM-PBSA parameters. The conclusion of this study is that a 70% EtOH extract of temulawak rhizome has potential as a source of anti-Alzheimer’s compounds through the mechanism of AChE inhibition, as demonstrated by in vitro and in silico analyses. 2026-01-01T00:00:00Z http://repository.ipb.ac.id/handle/123456789/173964 KAJIAN IN VITRO KAPASITAS ANTIOKSIDAN DAN INHIBISI LIPASE PANKREAS FORMULASI ANGKAK, DAUN KEMANGI, RIMPANG LENGKUAS, DAN DAUN KELOR Alfarizqi, Muhamad Farhan Obesitas merupakan kondisi yang ditandai oleh akumulasi jaringan lemak tubuh secara berlebihan sehingga dapat meningkatkan risiko berbagai gangguan kesehatan. Orlistat efektif sebagai agen antiobesitas melalui penghambatan lipase pankreas, namun penggunaannya berpotensi menimbulkan efek samping. Indonesia memiliki biodiversitas tanaman yang berpotensi sebagai antiobesitas, seperti Moringa oleifera (daun kelor), Ocimum basilicum (daun kemangi), dan rimpang Alpinia galanga (lengkuas) yang telah dilaporkan aktif secara in vitro. Angkak, beras hasil fermentasi oleh kapang Monascus, diketahui memiliki aktivitas antioksidan serta berpotensi sebagai agen antiobesitas, akan tetapi kajian ilmiah mengenai potensi formulasi keempat bahan tersebut sebagai agen antioksidan dan antiobesitas hingga saat ini masih belum banyak dilaporkan. Penelitian ini bertujuan mengevaluasi kadar fenolik dan flavonoid total, kapasitas antioksidan (DPPH, FRAP, CUPRAC, dan ABTS), serta aktivitas inhibisi lipase pankreas in vitro beserta nilai IC50 menggunakan substrat teremulsi Triton X-100 dan cairan empedu pada ekstrak kasar dan formulasinya. Ekstraksi dilakukan dengan metode sonikasi menggunakan etanol 70%, sedangkan formulasi disusun menggunakan perangkat lunak Design Expert. Ekstrak kasar daun kelor tunggal menunjukkan kadar fenolik dan flavonoid total tertinggi masing-masing sebesar 64,33 ± 1,25 mg GAE/g ekstrak dan 16,85 ± 0,61 mg QE/g ekstrak, serta kapasitas antioksidan tertinggi pada metode DPPH, FRAP, CUPRAC, dan ABTS dengan nilai berturut-turut 90,50 ± 0,54; 384,71 ± 4,80; 526,87 ± 7,22; dan 746,92 ± 5,13 mg TE/g ekstrak. Inhibisi lipase pankreas tertinggi pada substrat teremulsi Triton X-100 diperoleh pada formulasi 3:0:1:0 sebesar 77,96 ± 0,42%, sedangkan pada substrat teremulsi cairan empedu diperoleh dari ekstrak kasar daun kelor tunggal sebesar 77,91 ± 0,38%. Nilai IC50 terendah juga diperoleh pada ekstrak kasar daun kelor yaitu 258,93 ± 3,96 µg/mL (substrat teremulsi Triton X-100) dan 265,73 ± 3,16 µg/mL (substrat teremulsi cairan empedu), namun keduanya masih lebih tinggi dibandingkan orlistat yaitu 58,37 ± 1,04 µg/mL (Triton X-100) dan 58,70 ± 0,40 µg/mL (cairan empedu). Hasil formulasi menunjukkan interaksi aditif, sinergis, dan antagonis pada berbagai uji. Analisis korelasi Pearson menunjukkan kadar fenolik dan flavonoid total berkorelasi positif kuat dengan kapasitas antioksidan, dengan korelasi tertinggi pada fenolik total–ABTS (r = 0,9086) dan flavonoid total–CUPRAC (r = 0,8609). Kadar flavonoid total juga menunjukkan korelasi positif terkuat dengan inhibisi lipase pankreas, yaitu r = 0,9420 (substrat teremulsi Triton X-100) dan r = 0,9052 (substrat teremulsi cairan empedu). Seluruh kapasitas antioksidan berkorelasi positif dengan inhibisi lipase pankreas, dengan metode CUPRAC menunjukkan korelasi tertinggi, yaitu r = 0,7424 (Triton X-100) dan r = 0,7262 (cairan empedu).; Obesity is a condition characterized by excessive accumulation of body fat, which increases the risk of various health disorders. Orlistat is effective as an anti-obesity agent through inhibition of pancreatic lipase; however, its use may cause adverse effects. Indonesia possesses rich plant biodiversity with potential anti-obesity properties, such as Moringa oleifera (moringa leaves), Ocimum basilicum (basil leaves), and the rhizome of Alpinia galanga, which have been reported to exhibit anti-obesity activity in vitro. Angkak, known as Red yeast rice, a rice product fermented by Monascus spp., has been reported to possess antioxidant activity and potential anti-obesity effects. However, scientific studies investigating the combined potential of these four materials as antioxidant and anti-obesity agents remain limited. This study aimed to evaluate total phenolic and flavonoid contents, antioxidant capacity (DPPH, FRAP, CUPRAC, and ABTS), and in vitro pancreatic lipase inhibitory activity, including IC50 values, using substrates emulsified with Triton X-100 and bile fluid in crude extracts and their combined formulations. Extraction was performed using the sonication method with 70% ethanol, while the formulations were designed using Design Expert software. The crude extract of Moringa oleifera leaves exhibited the highest total phenolic and flavonoid contents, with values of 64.33 ± 1.25 mg GAE/g extract and 16.85 ± 0.61 mg QE/g extract, respectively. The same extract also showed the highest antioxidant capacity in the DPPH, FRAP, CUPRAC, and ABTS assays, with values of 90.50 ± 0.54, 384.71 ± 4.80, 526.87 ± 7.22, and 746.92 ± 5.13 mg TE/g extract, respectively. The highest pancreatic lipase inhibition using Triton X-100–emulsified substrate was observed in the 3:0:1:0 formulation (77.96 ± 0.42%), whereas with bile-emulsified substrate the highest inhibition was shown by the crude Moringa oleifera leaf extract (77.91 ± 0.38%). The lowest IC50 values were also obtained from the crude Moringa oleifera leaf extract, namely 258.93 ± 3.96 µg/mL (Triton X-100–emulsified substrate) and 265.73 ± 3.16 µg/mL (bile-emulsified substrate). However, these values were still higher than those of Orlistat, which showed IC50 values of 58.37 ± 1.04 µg/mL (Triton X-100) and 58.70 ± 0.40 µg/mL (bile). The formulation results indicated additive, synergistic, and antagonistic interactions across the various assays. Pearson correlation analysis showed that total phenolic and flavonoid contents were strongly and positively correlated with antioxidant capacity, with the strongest correlations observed between total phenolics and the ABTS assay (r = 0.9086) and between total flavonoids and the CUPRAC assay (r = 0.8609). Total flavonoid content also exhibited the strongest positive correlation with pancreatic lipase inhibition, with r values of 0.9420 for the Triton X-100–emulsified substrate and 0.9052 for the bile-emulsified substrate. All antioxidant assays showed positive correlations with pancreatic lipase inhibition, with the CUPRAC method displaying the highest correlations, r = 0.7424 (Triton X-100) and r = 0.7262 (bile). 2026-01-01T00:00:00Z