Hayati Journal of Biosciences

The Use of Selected Biomarkers, Phagocytic and Cholinesterase Activity to Detect the Effects of Dimethoate on Marine Mussel (Mytilus edulis)

2008-01-01T00:00:00Z

The Use of Selected Biomarkers, Phagocytic and Cholinesterase Activity to Detect the Effects of Dimethoate on Marine Mussel (Mytilus edulis) Yaqin, Khusnul; Lay, Bibiana Widiati; Riani, Etty; Masud, Zainal Alim; Hansen, Peter-Diedrich Effects of organophosphorous pesticide, dimethoate on blue mussels, Mytilus edulis using selected biomarkers have been studied. Mussels were exposed to serial dilutions of dimethoate, 7.88, 15.75, 31.35, and 63.00 μg/l including positive and negative controls for 14 days. The suppression effects of dimethoate on phagocytic activity significantly occurred at two lowest concentrations of dimethoate (7.88 and 15.75 μg/l), but stimulation effects significantly emerged at the following highest concentrations (31.35 and 63.00 μg/l). The declining tendency of the cholinesterase (ChE) activity (23% lower than the control) appeared when mussels exposed to 7.88 and 15.75 μg/l dimethoate. Moreover, the significant inhibition of the ChE activity occurred at 31.35 μg/l dimethoate exposure. This study suggested that the phagocytic and the ChE activity are useful biomarkers for assessing the affects of organophosporous pesticide, dimethoate on neuro-immune system of blue mussels, M. edulis.

Rye (Secale cereale L.) and Wheat (Triticuni aestivuni L.) Simple Sequence Repeat Variation within Secale spp. (Poaceae)

2013-01-01T00:00:00Z

Rye (Secale cereale L.) and Wheat (Triticuni aestivuni L.) Simple Sequence Repeat Variation within Secale spp. (Poaceae) Chikmawati, Tatik; Mifftahudin; Gustafson, J. Perry Transferability of25 rye and 20 wheat simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers were examined acrossSecale spp. to elucidate their genetic relationships. One hundred percent of rye and 75% of wheat SSR markers could be amplified in weedy and wild forms of Secale. However, only 84°/o of rye SSR markers were amplified in S. sylvestre indicating that this species had the furthest relation to the cultivated rye. The PCR products resulting from rye SSR tended to have similar size as the original size, while wheat SSRs tended to have a shorter size than that of the origjnal size. Polymorphism in the allelic number and size was found in 68o/e of the rye and 40 °/e of the wheat SSR markers. Several alleles were unique for the annual and perennial rye taxa, which were counted for 22 and ls•;.., respecth ely. Some SSR markers also produced specific alleles that could be ustd to identify certain taxa. The genetic relationships within the genus Secale based on SSR markers were discussed.

EndophyticStreptomyces spp. as BiocontrolAgents of Rice Bacterial Leaf Blight Pathogen (Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae)

2012-01-01T00:00:00Z

EndophyticStreptomyces spp. as BiocontrolAgents of Rice Bacterial Leaf Blight Pathogen (Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae) Hastuti, Ratih Dewi; Lestari, Yulin; Suwanto, Antonius; Saraswat, Rasti Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryr.ae (Xoo), a causal agent of bacterial leaf blight (BLB), is one of the most important pathogens of rice. The effectiveness of ten Streptomyces spp. isolates in suppressing Xoo disease was assessed in planta and in vitro. In planta experiments were carried out in a greenhouse and arranged in a randomized completely block design (RCBD) with three replications. Twenty treatments were tested which included plants inoculated with both Streptomyces spp. andXoo, and plai;its inoculated with only Streptomyces spp. Plants inoculated with Xoo and sprayed with a chemical bactericide, and plants inoculated with only Xoo served as positive controls, whereas plants not inoculated with either Streptomyces spp. or Xoo were used as negative controls. The results showed that the effect of endophytic Streptomyces spp. on BLB disease expressed as area under disease progress curve (AUDPC) wu not significantly different to that oq control plants (P > 0.05). However, plants inoculated with endophytic Streptomyces spp. were significantly taller and produced higher tiller number than control plants (P < 0.05). Streptomyces spp. Isolate AB131-1 gave the highest plant height. Jn vitro studies on biocontrol mechanisms of selected Streptomyces spp. isolates showed that isolate LBR02 gave the highest Inhibition activity on Xoo growth, followed by ABlJl-1 and ABIJl-2. Two isolates (AB131-1 a.nd LBR02) were able to produce chitioase, phosphatase, a.nd sideropbore which included biocontrol characteristics. Morphological and colonization studies under SEM and light microscopy confirmed that the three isolates were endophytic Streptomyces spp. from dilJerent species. These studies found that the paddy plant which was inoculated with endophytic Streptomyces spp. AB131- 1 and infected by Xoo could Increase the height of plant and number of tillers.

Bioakumulasi Logam Berat oleh Beberapa Galur Bradyrhizobium japonicum

2005-01-01T00:00:00Z

Bioakumulasi Logam Berat oleh Beberapa Galur Bradyrhizobium japonicum Syamsudin, Ade Noor; Tedja-Imas; Achmadi, Suminar Setiati Heavy metal utilization in industry and agriculture have caused an environmental problem to existing life. Bioaccumulation is made up by a concentration of certain chemical compounds in living tissues. The objective of this research was to reveal the ability of lipopolysaccharides (LPSs) of heavy metal Bradyrhizobium japonicum tolerant strains in accumulating heavy metals. The strains used were BDG 10, KDR 10, and KDR 15. The ability of each strains on heavy metal accumulation of Cu, Pb, Zn, Ni, and Cd were quantitatively determined using atomic absorption spectrophotometry. The result showed that each strains has its own capacity to accumulate heavy metals. Accumulation of Cu (0.100), Pb (0.320), and Cd (0.048) ppm/mg dry weight by KDR 10 seem higher than BDG 10 and KDR 15. The highest accumulation of Zn and Ni was shown by KDR 15 in which the value were 0.360 and 0.165 ppm/mg dry weight, respectively and the least accumulation of all heavy metal studied was shown by BDG 10.