DF - Fisheries

Sistem Pendukung Keputusan Dalam Pengelolaan Sumber Daya Perikanan Pelagis Kecil di WPPNRI 712

2026-08-15T06:40:11Z

Sistem Pendukung Keputusan Dalam Pengelolaan Sumber Daya Perikanan Pelagis Kecil di WPPNRI 712 Ilham ILHAM. Sistem Pendukung Keputusan Dalam Pengelolaan Sumber Daya Perikanan Pelagis Kecil di WPPNRI 712. Dibimbing oleh YONVITNER, MENNOFATRIA BOER, RAHMAT KURNIA, dan ZAIRION. Perikanan pelagis kecil di Wilayah Pengelolaan Perikanan Negara Republik Indonesia 712 (WPPNRI 712), merupakan salah satu perikanan strategis nasional yang menyangga ketahanan pangan dan penghidupan ribuan nelayan. Berdasarkan beberapa hasil riset, tingkat pemanfaatan sumber daya ikan pelagis kecil di kawasan ini telah berada pada status fully exploited. Kondisi tersebut menuntut analisis mendalam berbasis data empiris guna mendukung kebijakan pengelolaan yang adaptif dan berkelanjutan, namun kajian terpadu yang mengintegrasikan data operasional penangkapan, parameter biologi perikanan, dan kerangka pengambilan keputusan secara sistematis masih terbatas. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk: (1) menganalisis status pemanfaatan sumber daya ikan pelagis kecil di WPPNRI 712 periode 2018-2022 berdasarkan data elektronik logbook penangkapan ikan, (2) menganalisis kondisi biologis populasi ikan pelagis kecil berdasarkan parameter biologi perikanan; dan (3) menyusun model Decision Support System (DSS) berbasis indikator status pemanfaatan dan biologi perikanan untuk menghasilkan rekomendasi kebijakan pengelolaan. Penelitian menggunakan data sekunder dari sistem e-logbook penangkapan ikan periode 2018-2022, serta data primer biologi yang dikumpulkan dari empat lokasi pendaratan, yaitu Pelabuhan Perikanan Samudera Nizam Zachman, Pelabuhan Perikanan Nusantara Pekalongan, Pelabuhan Perikanan Pantai Bajomulyo, dan Pangkalan Pendaratan Ikan Kluwut. Analisis status pemanfaatan mencakup laju tangkap per upaya (CPUE), tren tangkapan, sebaran spasial, dan pemodelan surplus produksi menggunakan lima model. Analisis biologi meliputi hubungan panjang-bobot, faktor kondisi, nisbah kelamin, tingkat kematangan gonad (TKG), fekunditas, isi lambung, serta luas dan tumpang tindih relung ekologi. DSS dibangun menggunakan pembobotan Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) atas 16 indikator dan perankingan skenario melalui metode Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution (TOPSIS), dengan seluruh nilai rasio konsistensi di bawah 0,10. Hasil analisis pemanfaatan menunjukkan bahwa 17 jenis alat tangkap beroperasi di WPPNRI 712, dengan bouke ami mendominasi sebesar 34,30 - 44,77% total trip. Pada tahun 2022, jaring tarik berkantong muncul sebagai substitusi cantrang dengan 17,39% trip. Total produksi berkisar antara 81.261 ton sampai 134.984 ton per tahun dengan rata-rata 93.490 ton per tahun. Komposisi tangkapan mengalami pergeseran nyata: dominasi genus Decapterus meningkat tajam hingga 92,84% pada 2022 (D. russelli 62,06% dan D. macarellus 30,78%), sementara lemuru (Sardinella lemuru) mengalami penurunan dari 30,00% pada 2018 menjadi kurang dari 2% pada 2022. CPUE seluruh spesies menunjukkan tren menurun, dengan penurunan paling tajam pada kembung lelaki (-13,759 ton/trip/tahun) dan paling konsisten pada selar (R²=0,84). Pemodelan surplus produksi mengidentifikasi kembung perempuan mengalami overfishing (produksi aktual melampaui maximum sustainable yield, R²=81,78%), selar mengalami growth overfishing (upaya aktual melampaui upaya optimum, R²=83,68%), sedangkan layang menunjukkan fluktuasi antara underfishing dan overfishing yang memerlukan pengelolaan adaptif. Status agregat WPPNRI 712 ditetapkan sebagai fully exploited dengan estimasi potensi 275.486 ton per tahun dan jumlah tangkapan yang diperbolehkan sebesar 247.937 ton per tahun. Analisis biologi perikanan mengungkap sejumlah temuan orisinal. Sebanyak 85,2% kelompok spesies, lokasi, jenis kelamin menunjukkan pola alometri negatif (koefisien b < 3), mengindikasikan pertumbuhan panjang yang melebihi pertumbuhan bobot sebagai cerminan tekanan pakan dan/atau eksploitasi intensif. Kondisi kritis berupa panjang rata-rata tangkapan (Lc) yang lebih kecil dari panjang pertama kali matang gonad (Lm) teridentifikasi secara spesifik per kombinasi lokasi-spesies-jenis kelamin untuk pertama kalinya di WPPNRI 712, meliputi kembung lelaki betina di PPS Nizam Zachman (Lc=138,95 mm < Lm=202,5 mm), selar jantan di PPS Nizam Zachman (Lc=122,32 mm < Lm=161,5 mm), selar betina di PPS Nizam Zachman (Lc=141,03 mm < Lm=161,5 mm), dan selar jantan di PP Kluwut (Lc=128,3 mm < Lm=148,5 mm), yang menunjukkan bahwa sebagian besar individu tertangkap sebelum sempat bereproduksi. Perbedaan kontras antara dominasi TKG mature (stadium 3 - 4) di PPP Bajomulyo dengan dominasi TKG immature (stadium 1-2) di PPS Nizam Zachman mencerminkan heterogenitas spasial populasi yang sebelumnya tidak terkarakterisasi, dan berkaitan erat dengan perbedaan karakteristik armada serta daerah tangkap masing-masing pelabuhan. Fekunditas berkorelasi positif dengan ukuran tubuh sehingga hilangnya individu besar dari populasi secara langsung mengurangi kapasitas reproduktif total stok. Tumpang tindih relung antara kembung perempuan dan kembung lelaki tergolong sedang (0,58 - 0,63) dengan kopepoda sebagai pakan utama bersama (indeks propenderan >70%), mengindikasikan potensi kompetisi interspesifik yang dapat intensif saat kelimpahan pakan menurun. Model DSS yang dibangun mengintegrasikan 16 indikator biologi dan pemanfaatan dalam satu kerangka analitik tervalidasi, integrasi pertama dalam skala ini untuk perikanan pelagis kecil WPPNRI 712. Dua indikator dengan bobot kritis adalah penurunan CPUE kembung lelaki sebesar 83% dalam lima tahun dan kondisi Lc < Lm pada empat spesies di lokasi-lokasi tertentu. Skenario pengelolaan berbasis pendekatan ekosistem (Ecosystem Approach to Fisheries) memperoleh nilai koefisien kedekatan TOPSIS tertinggi sebesar 0,92, menjadikannya prioritas utama rekomendasi kebijakan jangka panjang. Implikasi pengelolaan yang mendesak mencakup : moratorium penambahan unit penangkapan di WPPNRI 712, penetapan ukuran minimum tangkapan tidak kurang dari Lm per spesies, penerapan kawasan perlindungan musiman di hotspot konsentrasi upaya, pelaksanaan kajian khusus lemuru sebagai spesies indikator degradasi ekosistem, pemantauan ketat dan kajian bycatch jaring tarik berkantong. Dalam jangka panjang, transisi menuju pengelolaan berbasis ekosistem dan pengembangan DSS sebagai sistem hidup yang diperbarui secara berkala merupakan langkah strategis yang tidak dapat ditunda guna memastikan keberlanjutan sumber daya ikan pelagis kecil WPPNRI 712. Kata kunci: biologi perikanan, decision support system, pelagis kecil, status pemanfaatan, WPPNRI 712; ILHAM. Decision Support System for the Management of Small Pelagic Fisheries Resources in WPPNRI 712. Supervised by YONVITNER, MENNOFATRIA BOER, RAHMAT KURNIA, and ZAIRION. Small pelagic fisheries in the Indonesian Fisheries Management Area 712 (WPPNRI 712), encompassing the Java Sea and its surrounding waters, constitute one of the nation's most strategically important fisheries, underpinning food security and the livelihoods of thousands of fishers. Based on several research findings, the utilization level of small pelagic fish resources in this area has reached a fully exploited status. This condition necessitates in-depth, empirically grounded analyses to support adaptive and sustainable management policies; however, integrated studies that systematically consolidate operational catch data, fisheries biological parameters, and decision-making frameworks remain limited. This study aimed to: (1) analyze the exploitation status of small pelagic fish resources in WPPNRI 712 for the period 2018–2022 based on electronic fishing logbook data; (2) analyze the biological condition of small pelagic fish populations based on fisheries biology parameters; and (3) develop a Decision Support System (DSS) model based on exploitation status and fisheries biology indicators to generate fisheries management policy recommendations. Secondary data were obtained from the electronic fishing logbook system covering the period 2018–2022, while primary biological data were collected from four major landing sites: Nizam Zachman Ocean Fishing Port (PPS), Pekalongan Nusantara Fishing Port (PPN), Bajomulyo Coastal Fishing Port (PPP), and Kluwut Fish Landing Base (PPI). Exploitation status analyses encompassed catch per unit effort (CPUE), catch trends, spatial distribution, and surplus production modeling using five models. Biological analyses included length-weight relationships, condition factor, sex ratio, gonad maturity stage (GMS), fecundity, stomach content, and ecological niche breadth and overlap. The DSS was constructed using Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) weighting of 16 indicators and scenario ranking through the Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution (TOPSIS) method, with all consistency ratio values below 0.10. Exploitation analysis revealed that 17 types of fishing gear operate in WPPNRI 712, with bouke ami dominating at 34.30–44.77% of total fishing trips. In 2022, bag seine nets emerged as a substitute for cantrang, accounting for 17.39% of trips. Total production ranged from 81,261 to 134,984 tonnes per year, with an annual average of 93,490 tonnes. Catch composition underwent a marked structural shift: the dominance of genus Decapterus increased sharply to 92.84% in 2022 (D. russelli at 62.06% and D. macarellus at 30.78%), while bali sardinella (Sardinella lemuru) declined from 30.00% in 2018 to less than 2% in 2022. CPUE for all species exhibited declining trends, with the sharpest decline in Indian mackerel (Rastrelliger kanagurta) at -13.759 tonnes/trip/year and the most consistent decline in oxeye scad (Selaroides leptolepis, R²=0.84). Surplus production modeling identified shortbodied mackerel (Rastrelliger brachysoma) as experiencing overfishing (actual production exceeding maximum sustainable yield, R²=81.78%), oxeye scad as experiencing growth overfishing (actual effort exceeding optimum effort, R²=83.68%), while layang scad exhibited fluctuations between underfishing and overfishing conditions requiring adaptive management. The aggregate status of WPPNRI 712 was designated fully exploited, with an estimated sustainable yield of 275,486 tonnes per year and a total allowable catch of 247,937 tonnes per year. Fisheries biological analyses revealed a number of original findings. A total of 85.2% of species-location-sex groups exhibited negative allometric growth patterns (coefficient b < 3), indicating that length growth exceeded weight growth as a reflection of persistent feeding pressure and/or intensive exploitation. The critical condition of mean catch length (Lc) falling below length at first maturity (Lm) was identified for the first time in WPPNRI 712 at specific location-species-sex combinations, including female Indian mackerel at PPS Nizam Zachman (Lc=138.95 mm < Lm=202.5 mm), male oxeye scad at PPS Nizam Zachman (Lc=122.32 mm < Lm=161.5 mm), female oxeye scad at PPS Nizam Zachman (Lc=141.03 mm < Lm=161.5 mm), and male oxeye scad at PP Kluwut (Lc=128.3 mm < Lm=148.5 mm), demonstrating that the majority of individuals are captured before they have the opportunity to reproduce. The contrasting patterns between the dominance of mature GMS (stages 3–4) at PPP Bajomulyo and immature GMS (stages 1–2) at PPS Nizam Zachman reflect a spatial population heterogeneity that had not previously been characterized, and is closely associated with differences in fleet characteristics and fishing grounds among ports. Fecundity was positively correlated with body size, such that the removal of large individuals from the population directly reduces the total reproductive capacity of the stock. Niche overlap between shortbodied mackerel and Indian mackerel was moderate (0.58–0.63), with copepods as the shared principal prey (dietary index >70%), indicating a potential for interspecific competition that may intensify when prey abundance declines. The DSS model developed in this study integrates 16 biological and exploitation indicators within a single validated analytical framework, representing the first integration of this scope for small pelagic fisheries in WPPNRI 712. Two indicators carrying critical weights were the 83% decline in Indian mackerel CPUE over five years and the Lc < Lm condition observed across four species at specific locations. The management scenario based on the Ecosystem Approach to Fisheries (EAF) obtained the highest TOPSIS closeness coefficient of 0.92, establishing it as the primary recommendation for long-term policy. Urgent management implications include: a moratorium on the addition of fishing units in WPPNRI 712, establishment of minimum catch size no less than Lm per species, implementation of seasonal protection areas at effort concentration hotspots, conduct of dedicated studies on bali sardinella as an indicator species of ecosystem degradation, and strict monitoring and bycatch assessment of bag seine nets. In the long term, the transition toward ecosystem-based management and the development of the DSS as a living system updated on a regular basis represent strategic steps that cannot be deferred if the sustainability of small pelagic fish resources in WPPNRI 712 is to be assured. Keywords: decision support system, fisheries biology, exploitation status, small pelagic, WPPNRI 712

Redesain Pengelolaan Ekowisata Berbasis Resiliensi di Pesisir Sawarna, Kabupaten Lebak, Banten

2026-08-15T04:46:01Z

Redesain Pengelolaan Ekowisata Berbasis Resiliensi di Pesisir Sawarna, Kabupaten Lebak, Banten Rahmawati, Ani Kawasan Pesisir Sawarna, Kabupaten Lebak, Provinsi Banten, memiliki potensi besar untuk dikembangkan sebagai destinasi ekowisata bahari. Namun, pengelolaannya masih menghadapi empat persoalan mendasar, yaitu potensi sumber daya pesisir yang belum teridentifikasi secara menyeluruh, pemanfaatan kawasan yang belum mempertimbangkan kesesuaian dan daya dukung ekologis, nilai ekonomi jasa ekosistem pantai berpasir yang belum dikuantifikasi, serta resiliensi ekowisata yang belum dikaji secara komprehensif. Penelitian ini bertujuan merumuskan strategi redesain pengelolaan ekowisata berbasis resiliensi melalui empat kajian terintegrasi di Pantai Ciantir, Goa Langir, Legon Pari, dan Tanjung Layar. Data dikumpulkan melalui survei lapangan, citra satelit multitemporal periode 2013–2024, wawancara, dan FGD. Analisis dilakukan menggunakan matriks Indeks Kesesuaian Wisata dan Daya Dukung Kawasan, ISM, metode benefit transfer dengan pendekatan Avoided Damage Cost (ADC), serta indeks resiliensi multidimensi yang diadaptasi dari kerangka The Torrens Resilience Institute. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa keempat pantai memiliki karakteristik biofisik, sosial budaya, dan ekonomi wisata yang beragam, tetapi saling melengkapi sebagai satu destinasi wisata bahari. Namun, dinamika garis pantai yang fluktuatif dan kualitas perairan, khususnya padatan tersuspensi total di Ciantir, memerlukan pemantauan berkelanjutan. Daya dukung Ciantir, Goa Langir, Legon Pari, dan Tanjung Layar masing-masing sebesar 966, 784, 433, dan 192 pengunjung per hari. Nilai tersebut jauh lebih rendah dibandingkan kunjungan pada puncak liburan yang mencapai sekitar 8.000 orang per hari. Kesenjangan ini menjadi dasar pengembangan Adaptive Tourism Transition Framework (ATTF), yang mengarahkan transisi bertahap melalui tahapan soft ecotourism, moderate ecotourism, dan hard ecotourism. Perubahan garis pantai 2013–2024 menghasilkan akresi neto sistem +3,00 ha, Ciantir satu-satunya segmen abrasi neto (-1,16 ha); nilai ADC kumulatif ˜Rp653,31 juta (skenario sedang), Ciantir bernilai ADC negatif. ISM menghasilkan empat prioritas tata Kelola, penguatan kapasitas-regulasi, integrasi perencanaan, pengendalian dan evaluasi adaptif, dan pemberdayaan ekonomi lokal, dengan Dinas Pariwisata Kabupaten Lebak sebagai driver utama. Resiliensi keempat pantai berstatus Waspada (indeks 61,2–69,1%; tata kelola terlemah), waktu pemulihan pascagangguan menurun ˜54% dari soft ke hard ecotourism (24,0 menjadi 11,0 bulan). Skenarion tersebut disintesis menjadi empat pilar pengelolaan, yaitu pengelolaan berbasis daya dukung dan kuota berjenjang ATTF, tata kelola adaptif dan inklusif, penguatan kapasitas adaptif masyarakat, serta investasi jasa ekosistem yang didukung pemantauan waktu pemulihan.; The Sawarna Coastal Area, Lebak Regency, Banten Province, has potential as a marine ecotourism destination. However, its management faces four challenges: incomplete identification of coastal resources, inadequate consideration of tourism suitability and carrying capacity, the absence of economic valuation of ecosystem services, and the lack of an ecotourism resilience assessment. This study aimed to formulate a resilience-based ecotourism redesign strategy through integrated assessments conducted at Ciantir, Goa Langir, Legon Pari, and Tanjung Layar beaches. Data were collected through field surveys, satellite imagery covering 2013–2024, interviews, and FGDs. The analyses employed the Tourism Suitability Index and Carrying Capacity matrices, Interpretive Structural Modeling (ISM), the benefit transfer method using the Avoided Damage Cost (ADC) approach, and a multidimensional resilience index adapted from the Torrens Resilience Institute framework. The four beaches possessed diverse biophysical, sociocultural, and economic characteristics, as a marine tourism destination. Nevertheless, fluctuating shoreline dynamics and water quality, particularly total suspended solids at Ciantir, require monitoring. The carrying capacities of Ciantir, Goa Langir, Legon Pari, and Tanjung Layar were estimated at 966, 784, 433, and 192 visitors per day, respectively. These figures were lower than peak holiday visitation, which reached 8,000 visitors per day. This disparity provided the basis for developing the Adaptive Tourism Transition Framework (ATTF), which guides a gradual transition through soft ecotourism, moderate ecotourism, and hard ecotourism stages. Shoreline changes during 2013–2024 resulted in system-wide net accretion of 3.00 ha, with Ciantir as the only segment experiencing net erosion of 1.16 ha. The cumulative ADC was estimated at approximately IDR 653.31 million under the moderate scenario, whereas Ciantir recorded a negative ADC value. ISM identified four governance priorities: strengthening institutional capacity and regulations, integrating planning, implementing adaptive control and evaluation, and empowering the local economy. The Lebak Regency Tourism Office was identified as the driving institution. All four beaches were classified within the Caution Zone, with resilience indices ranging from 61.2% to 69.1%, and governance consistently emerging as the weakest dimension. Estimated post-disturbance recovery time decreased by approximately 54%, from 24.0 months under soft ecotourism to 11.0 months under hard ecotourism. These findings were synthesized into four management pillars: carrying-capacity-based management and tiered ATTF visitor quotas, adaptive and inclusive governance, strengthened community adaptive capacity, and investment in ecosystem services supported by recovery-time monitoring.

Dinamika Spasio-Temporal dan Ketahanan Komunitas Karang Pada Rezim Lingkungan Yang Kontras Di Perairan Sumatera

2026-08-15T03:28:29Z

Dinamika Spasio-Temporal dan Ketahanan Komunitas Karang Pada Rezim Lingkungan Yang Kontras Di Perairan Sumatera Siringoringo, Rikoh Manogar Terumbu karang menghadapi tekanan akibat pemanasan laut, gelombang panas, dan pemutihan massal. Namun, respons komunitas karang terhadap gangguan termal dapat berbeda antarwilayah karena dipengaruhi oleh rezim lingkungan, komposisi taksonomi, bentuk pertumbuhan, dan riwayat paparan. Penelitian ini menganalisis dinamika spasio-temporal, resistance, dan recovery komunitas karang pada wilayah barat dan timur perairan Sumatera sebelum, selama, dan setelah pemutihan tahun 2016. Penelitian dilakukan pada 93 stasiun transek permanen di delapan lokasi, yaitu Nias Utara, Tapanuli Tengah, Mentawai, dan Pulau Pieh di wilayah barat, serta Belitung, Bintan, Natuna, dan Batam di wilayah timur. Pengamatan dilakukan pada 2015, 2016, dan 2018. Data komunitas diperoleh melalui Underwater Photo Transect sebanyak 13.950 foto, sedangkan data suhu permukaan laut, Degree Heating Weeks (DHW), salinitas, dan turbiditas berasal dari NOAA Coral Reef Watch, Copernicus Marine Service, dan MODIS-Aqua. Analisis meliputi perubahan temporal, keanekaragaman, nMDS, PERMANOVA, CCA, environmental fitting, serta perubahan taksa dan bentuk pertumbuhan. Hasil menunjukkan respons yang sangat kontras. Di wilayah barat, tutupan karang hidup menurun dari sekitar 37,33% pada 2015 menjadi 19,38% pada 2016 dan hanya meningkat menjadi 21,99% pada 2018. Di wilayah timur, tutupan relatif stabil, yaitu 34,27% pada 2015, 32,80% pada 2016, dan 32,57% pada 2018. Seluruh lokasi barat mengalami penurunan nyata, sedangkan Batam, Bintan, dan Natuna relatif stabil. Belitung mengalami penurunan yang diikuti pemulihan parsial. Reorganisasi struktur genera dan bentuk pertumbuhan juga lebih kuat di wilayah barat. Wilayah barat umumnya lebih hangat, lebih asin, dan lebih jernih, sedangkan wilayah timur lebih dingin, bersalinitas lebih rendah, dan pada beberapa lokasi lebih keruh. Puncak suhu dan tekanan termal terjadi pada 2016, tetapi DHW berbeda antarlokasi dan tidak sepenuhnya mengikuti suhu absolut. Acropora, terutama bentuk branching dan tabulate, mengalami penurunan terbesar di wilayah barat, sedangkan Porites dan bentuk masif menunjukkan resistance lebih tinggi. Namun, Acropora relatif mampu bertahan di beberapa lokasi timur, menunjukkan bahwa sensitivitas taksa bergantung pada konteks lingkungan. Turbiditas yang lebih tinggi di wilayah timur diduga mengurangi irradiance dan tekanan foto termal, meskipun hubungan ini bersifat asosiatif. Penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa ketahanan komunitas karang ditentukan oleh interaksi antara paparan termal, rezim lingkungan lokal, dan sensitivitas biologis taksa serta bentuk pertumbuhan. Kebaruan penelitian terletak pada perbandingan geografis barat–timur, penggunaan transek permanen lintas periode gangguan, analisis multilevel komunitas, dan pembuktian context-dependent vulnerability. Hasil penelitian mendukung pengelolaan berbasiskerentanan spasial, perlindungan lokasi dengan resistance tinggi, serta pemantauan yang mencakup tutupan, komposisi taksonomi, dan sifat fungsional komunitas.; Coral reefs are increasingly threatened by ocean warming, marine heatwaves, and mass bleaching events. However, coral community responses to thermal disturbances may vary among regions due to differences in environmental regimes, taxonomic composition, growth forms, and exposure history. This study examined the spatio-temporal dynamics, resistance, and recovery of coral communities in the western and eastern waters of Sumatra before, during, and after the 2016 bleaching event. The study was conducted at 93 permanent transect stations across eight locations: North Nias, Central Tapanuli, Mentawai, and Pieh Island in the western region, and Belitung, Bintan, Natuna, and Batam in the eastern region. Surveys were conducted in 2015, 2016, and 2018. Coral community data were collected using the Underwater Photo Transect method, generating 13,950 photographs. Sea surface temperature, Degree Heating Weeks (DHW), salinity, and turbidity data were obtained from NOAA Coral Reef Watch, the Copernicus Marine Service, and MODIS-Aqua. Analyses included temporal change assessment, diversity analysis, nMDS, PERMANOVA, CCA, environmental fitting, and evaluation of changes in coral taxa and growth forms. The results revealed strongly contrasting responses between the two regions. In the western region, aggregate live coral cover declined from approximately 37.33% in 2015 to 19.38% in 2016 and recovered only slightly to 21.99% in 2018. In contrast, coral cover in the eastern region remained relatively stable, decreasing from approximately 34.27% in 2015 to 32.80% in 2016 and 32.57% in 2018. All western locations experienced substantial declines, whereas Batam, Bintan, and Natuna remained relatively stable. Belitung showed an initial decline followed by partial recovery. Reorganization of genera and growth-form composition was also more pronounced in the western region. The western region was generally warmer, more saline, and clearer, whereas the eastern region was cooler, less saline, and more turbid at several locations. Peak temperatures and thermal stress occurred in 2016, although DHW varied among locations and did not fully correspond to absolute temperature gradients. Acropora, particularly branching and tabulate forms, experienced the greatest decline in the western region, whereas Porites and massive growth forms showed greater resistance. Nevertheless, Acropora persisted at several eastern locations, indicating that taxon sensitivity is context dependent. Higher turbidity in the eastern region may have reduced irradiance and moderated photo-thermal stress, although this relationship remains associative. These findings demonstrate that coral community resilience is shaped by interactions among thermal exposure, local environmental regimes, and the biological sensitivity of coral taxa and growth forms. The novelty of this study lies in its west–east geographical comparison, use of permanent transects across disturbance periods, multilevel community analysis, and demonstration of context-dependent vulnerability within the same taxa. The results support spatial vulnerability-based management, protection of highly resistant sites as climate adaptation priorities, and monitoring approaches that incorporate coral cover, taxonomic composition, and functional community traits.

Optimalisasi Model Kawasan Konservasi Perairan dengan Didukung Implementasi Pendanaan Inovatif untuk Pengelolaan yang Berkelanjutan

2026-08-15T03:20:23Z

Optimalisasi Model Kawasan Konservasi Perairan dengan Didukung Implementasi Pendanaan Inovatif untuk Pengelolaan yang Berkelanjutan Fadillah, Roby ROBY FADILLAH. Optimalisasi Tata Kelola Kawasan Konservasi Perairan Dengan Didukung Implementasi Pendanaan Inovatif Untuk Pengelolaan Yang Berkelanjutan. Dibimbing oleh YONVITNER, LUKI ADRIANTO dan HEFNI EFFENDI. Kawasan konservasi perairan memiliki peran strategis dalam menjaga keanekaragaman hayati laut, keberlanjutan sumber daya ikan, kesehatan ekosistem pesisir, dan kesejahteraan masyarakat. Namun, pengelolaannya di Indonesia masih menghadapi tantangan berupa variasi kapasitas tata kelola, keterbatasan pembiayaan, ketergantungan pada anggaran pemerintah, serta belum optimalnya hubungan antara pendanaan, kinerja pengelolaan, dan capaian ekologis. Penelitian ini bertujuan merumuskan model optimalisasi tata kelola kawasan konservasi perairan melalui integrasi pengelolaan berbasis klaster dan strategi pendanaan inovatif yang berkelanjutan. Penelitian menggunakan pendekatan kuantitatif bertahap dengan memanfaatkan data sekunder dari penilaian efektivitas pengelolaan kawasan konservasi, data realisasi anggaran, data tutupan terumbu karang, serta dokumen kebijakan pendanaan biru. Analisis dilakukan melalui pemetaan klaster pengelolaan, analisis kesenjangan pendanaan, analisis korelasi dan regresi data panel, analisis perbandingan instrumen obligasi biru, serta proyeksi kapasitas serap potensial untuk menilai kesiapan kawasan menerima pendanaan inovatif. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa efektivitas pengelolaan kawasan konservasi perairan di Indonesia belum merata. Dari 117 kawasan yang dianalisis, sebagian besar masih berada pada kategori minimum dan optimum, sedangkan hanya sebagian kecil yang telah mencapai kategori berkelanjutan. Temuan ini menegaskan bahwa peningkatan kapasitas awal, penyeragaman proses pengelolaan, kualitas keluaran program, dan pencapaian hasil ekologis merupakan faktor penting dalam peningkatan kinerja kawasan. Analisis kesenjangan pendanaan menunjukkan bahwa peningkatan anggaran dapat memperbaiki kinerja tata kelola, tetapi belum selalu berdampak langsung pada pemulihan ekosistem, terutama tutupan terumbu karang. Hal ini mengindikasikan bahwa efektivitas konservasi tidak hanya ditentukan oleh besaran dana, melainkan juga oleh kualitas alokasi, transparansi, akuntabilitas, kapasitas kelembagaan, dan keterlibatan masyarakat. Analisis korelasi memperkuat bahwa pendanaan merupakan faktor pengungkit utama dalam pengelolaan kawasan konservasi, terutama pada komponen proses dan keluaran seperti pengawasan, pemantauan, dan pelaksanaan program. Sementara itu, analisis kapasitas serap potensial menunjukkan bahwa Gili Matra, Laut Sawu, Raja Ampat, dan Kapoposang memiliki kesiapan tinggi sebagai lokasi percontohan pendanaan inovatif berbasis obligasi terumbu karang. Kebaruan penelitian ini terletak pada integrasi analisis klaster tata kelola, kesenjangan pendanaan, korelasi pembiayaan, perbandingan obligasi biru, dan kapasitas serap potensial dalam satu kerangka kebijakan. Studi ini menyimpulkan bahwa optimalisasi tata kelola kawasan konservasi perairan memerlukan arsitektur pendanaan campuran yang terdiferensiasi, berbasis kinerja, transparan, akuntabel, dan sesuai kapasitas kawasan. Secara akademik, penelitian ini memperkaya kajian tata kelola konservasi perairan dan pendanaan konservasi. Secara praktis, hasilnya menyediakan dasar kebijakan bagi pemerintah dalam menentukan prioritas investasi, desain pendanaan biru, dan strategi pengelolaan konservasi laut berkelanjutan di Indonesia.; ROBY FADILLAH. Optimizing the Marine Protected Area Governance Supported by the Implementation of Innovative Funding for Sustainable Management. Supervised by YONVITNER, LUKI ADRIANTO and HEFNI EFFENDI. Marine protected areas play a strategic role in conserving marine biodiversity, sustaining fishery resources, maintaining coastal ecosystem health, and supporting the welfare of coastal communities. However, the management of marine protected areas in Indonesia continues to face major challenges, including unequal governance capacity, limited financial resources, high dependence on public budgets, and the absence of an integrated model that links financing mechanisms, management effectiveness, and ecological outcomes. This study aims to formulate an optimization model for marine protected area governance by integrating cluster-based management approaches with sustainable innovative financing strategies. This research applied a staged quantitative approach using secondary data derived from marine protected area management effectiveness assessments, budget realization data, coral reef cover data, and blue finance policy documents. The analysis included governance clustering, funding gap analysis, correlation and panel data regression, comparative analysis of blue bond instruments, and projection of potential absorption capacity to assess the readiness of selected areas to receive innovative financing. The findings indicate that the effectiveness of marine protected area management in Indonesia remains uneven. Among the assessed areas, most were still categorized within minimum and optimum management levels, while only a small proportion had achieved sustainable management status. This condition highlights the need to strengthen basic management capacity, improve governance processes, enhance program outputs, and ensure measurable ecological outcomes. The funding gap analysis shows that increased financial allocation can improve governance performance, yet it does not always generate a direct impact on ecosystem recovery, particularly coral reef cover. This finding suggests that conservation effectiveness is not solely determined by the amount of funding, but also by the quality of allocation, transparency, accountability, institutional capacity, and community participation. The correlation analysis further confirms that financing functions as a key enabling factor in marine protected area governance, especially in supporting management processes and outputs such as surveillance, monitoring, enforcement, and program implementation. In addition, the potential absorption capacity analysis identifies Gili Matra, Sawu Sea, Raja Ampat, and Kapoposang as areas with strong readiness to serve as pilot sites for innovative financing through coral reef-based bond mechanisms. The novelty of this study lies in its integration of governance clustering, funding gap assessment, financing correlation analysis, blue bond benchmarking, and potential absorption capacity within a single policy-oriented framework. The study concludes that optimizing marine protected area governance requires a differentiated, performance-based, transparent, accountable, and context-specific blended financing architecture. Academically, this research contributes to the development of marine protected area governance and conservation finance literature. Practically, it provides a policy foundation for government decision-making in prioritizing investment, designing blue finance instruments, and strengthening sustainable marine conservation management in Indonesia.