Karakteristik dan Faktor Pemicu Fenomena Cuaca Yang Mengganggu Penerbangan di Bandara Soekarno-Hatta Tahun 2019-2023

Abstract

Research on weather phenomena that disrupt flight operations, particularly at a specific airport in Indonesia, remains limited and generally focuses on a single type of phenomenon. In fact, various types of weather disturbances are reported by pilots through Pilot Reports (PIREP). Studies that utilize PIREP data and integrate it with observational datasets are also still scarce. This research aims to identify the dominant weather phenomena at Soekarno-Hatta International Airport during 2019–2023, analyze their temporal characteristics, and examine the associated weather conditions and triggering factors through selected case studies. The analysis involved interpreting PIREP data to identify and characterize the phenomena temporally, assessing surface weather conditions using AWOS (METAR), and examining triggering factors using radar products including CMAX, PPI (Z), PPI (V), and SHEAR. The results of the study reveal that the dominant weather phenomena disrupting flight operations at Soekarno-Hatta Airport from 2019 to 2023 were tailwind (46%), wind shear (40%), and low visibility (11%). Based on the diurnal pattern, the tailwind phenomenon has the highest frequency during 09:00–12:00 WIB at 38%. In contrast, the highest frequency for wind shear (36%) and low visibility (52%) occurs during 12:00–15:00 WIB. Monthly patterns show that tailwind predominantly occurs during low-rainfall months and rarely occur during high-rainfall months; wind shear may occur and intensify throughout the year; and low visibility is dominant during high-rainfall months and rare during dry periods. Although these phenomena often occur during months with lower rainfall, surface weather conditions during the 23 case studies frequently involved wet conditions (78%), accompanied by gusty winds (60%). Radar analysis of the 23 cases indicates that the dominant triggering factor is convective clouds (Cb), including small Cb, big Cb, and QLCS types. Other contributing factors include sea breeze fronts (SBF) and surface haze conditions. Convective clouds accompanied by microburst and/or gust front patterns can generate various weather-related flight disturbances, including wind shear, tailwind, low visibility, or combinations of these phenomena. Microburst patterns occurred in 76% of the cases, gust fronts in 10%, and a combination of both in 14%. Convective clouds associated with both microburst and gust front patterns resulted in the most significant operational impacts. This study highlights the need to strengthen radar-based early warning systems at Soekarno-Hatta Airport, with a focus on convective cloud monitoring and associated hazardous wind patterns. The findings also provide valuable input for aviation management to optimize flight scheduling in order to enhance safety and operational efficiency.