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      STATUS PEMANFAATAN UDANG JERBUNG (Penaeus merguiensis) DAN DAMPAK EKOLOGIS ALAT TANGKAP SONDONG YANG BERBASIS DI PPI KOTA DUMAI, PROVINSI RIAU

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      Date
      2026
      Author
      Cundaningrum, Laksita
      Wahju, Ronny Irawan
      Taurusman, Am Azbas
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      Abstract
      Udang jerbung (Penaeus merguiensis) merupakan salah satu komuditas perikanan ekonomis penting yang menjadi sumber mata pencaharian nelayan di Kota Dumai. Pengelolaan perikanan udang masih kurang optimal karena keterbatasan data dan informasi. Nelayan yang berbasis di PPI Dumai menggunakan alat tangkap sondong untuk menangkap udang jerbung. Alat tangkap sondong dinilai tidak selektif karena hasil tangkapan didominasi oleh yuwana dan banyak menangkap tangkapan sampingan, sehingga diduga berdampak merugikan ekosistem sumber daya ikan. Oleh karena itu, diperlukan upaya pengelolaan untuk mengurangi dampak sehingga terwujud pengelolaan perikanan yang berkelanjutan di lokasi tersebut. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah: 1) Menganalisis unit penangkapan sondong yang berbasis di PPI Kota Dumai, Provinsi Riau; 2) Mengestimasi status pemanfaatan udang jerbung yang berbasis di PPI Kota Dumai, Provinsi Riau; 3) Mengevaluasi dampak ekologis alat tangkap sondong yang berbasis di PPI Kota Dumai terhadap non target. Penelitian ini dilakukan pada bulan September hingga November 2024 di PPI Kota Dumai, Provinsi Riau. Penelitian ini dilakukan dengan menggunakan metode observasi, studi literatur, dan survei. Penentuan jumlah sampel kapal berdasarkan Handbook for Fisheries sosio economic dengan persentase dari jumlah populasi kapal yang ada di lokasi penelitian sebanyak 18 unit kapal dengan alat tangkap sondong sebagai sampel untuk tujuan 1 penelitian ini. Pengumpulan sampel udang jerbung menggunakan metode stratified random sampling dengan jumlah sampel sebanyak 3,008 ekor dari alat tangkap sondong. Sampel hasil tangkapan sampingan dikumpulkan melalui metode simple random sampling dari 8 unit kapal sampel. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa kapal yang digunakan oleh nelayan yang berbasis di PPI Kota Dumai adalah kapal kayu berdaya 24 PK dengan ukuran 3 gross tonnage. Kapal sondong berukuran panjang 10 meter, lebar 2,5 meter, dan tinggi 1,3 meter. Kapal sondong beroperasi menggunakan bahan bakar solar berkisar 120-180 liter dengan durasi trip 5-7 hari. Konstruksi sondong terdiri dari kaki sondong, pelampung, tapak sondong, pemberat, jaring sondong dan tali temali dengan proses pengoperasian terdiri dari setting, pushing dan hauling. Udang jerbung yang tertangkap didominasi ukuran karapas 14,87 mm dengan panjang karapas berkisar antara 9,03-31,9 mm. Pola pertumbuhan udang jerbung bersifat alometrik negatif (b = 2,44). Rasio jenis kelamin udang jerbung didominasi individu betina (60%). Hasil tangkapan didominasi ukuran yuwana dengan TKG II (48%) dan TKG I (33%). Tingkat kematian ikan karena penangkapan (F) 5,29 lebih tinggi dibandingkan kematian alami (M) 1,79. Tingkat eksploitasi E udang jerbung sebesar 0,75 dan nilai SPR udang jerbung sebesar 3% yang ii mengindikasikan penangkapan berlebih (over-exploited). Komposisi hasil tangkapan sampingan didominasi oleh ikan bulu ayam (Coilia dussumieri) sebanyak 61,1%. Hasil tangkapan sampingan sebanyak 43,84% dibandingkan dengan hasil tangkapan utama. Rata-rata hasil tangkapan sampingan yang tertangkap masih berada di bawah nilai length at first maturity (Lm) atau berada pada ukuran yuwana. Sondong memiliki tingkat selektivitas yang rendah dengan nilai indeks keanekaragaman Shannon-wiener (H’=2,1). Tingkat trofik hasil tangkapan didominasi oleh jenis ikan yang menempati tingkat trofik 3 dan tingkat trofik 4 yaitu jenis ikan predator tingkat rendah dan sedang. Kemudian, untuk kerentanan intrinsik alat tangkap didapatkan sebesar 28,22 (kerentanan penangkapan rendah). Tingkat kerentanan alat tangkap dipengaruhi oleh selektivitas alat tangkap dan karakteristik biologi ikan. Penelitian ini telah dapat mengindikasikan dampak ekologis sondong terhadap sumberdaya ikan di lokasi studi, khususnya terhadap target (udang jerbung) dan non target. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian, untuk mewujudkan pengelolaan perikanan berkelanjutan diperlukan melalui penetapan penutupan musim penangkapan selama periode pemijahan udang dan pemantauan terhadap penggunaan alat tangkap sondong yang berbasis di PPI Kota Dumai, serta mempertimbangkan pergantian dengan alat tangkap yang lebih ramah lingkungan. Pemantauan berkala menggunakan berbagai jenis alat tangkap perlu dilakukan untuk mendapatkan informasi yang lebih akurat dan komprehensif tentang status stok di wilayah studi.
       
      The banana prawn (Penaeus merguiensis) represents a significant economic fishery commodity, serving as a primary source of livelihood for fishers in Dumai City. However, the management of the shrimp fishery remains inadequate due to a lack of sufficient data and information. Fishers operating from PPI Dumai employ the sondong (push net) to capture banana prawns. This gear has been considered non-selective, as the catch predominantly consists of juveniles and includes a substantial amount of the bycatch, which is suspected to affect the fishery resource ecosystem adversely. Consequently, management interventions are necessary to mitigate these impacts and achieve sustainable fishery management in the region. The objectives of this study are: 1) To analyse the sondong fishery units based at PPI Dumai City, Riau Province; 2) To estimate the utilisation status of banana prawn at PPI Dumai City, Riau Province; 3) To evaluate the ecological impacts of sondong at PPI Dumai gear on non-target species. The study was conducted from September to November 2024 at PPI Dumai City, Riau Province. The research employed observational, literature review, and survey methodologies. The number of sampled vessels was determined by referring to the Handbook for Fisheries Socio-Economic, using a proportion of the total vessel population at the study site. In this research, 18 vessels operating sondong were selected as samples to address the first research objective. Shrimp samples (Penaeus merguiensis) were collected using the stratified random sampling method, resulting in a total of 3.008 individuals obtained from vessels employing sondong. Bycatch samples were collected using the simple random sampling method from 8 sample vessels. The study's findings indicate that the fishing vessels utilised by fishers based at PPI Kota Dumai are wooden boats equipped with 24 HP engines and have a capacity of 3 gross tonnage. The sondong boats measure 10 meters in length, 2.5 meters in width, and 1.3 meters in height. These vessels operate using diesel fuel, consuming between 120 and 180 litres per trip, with each trip lasting 5 to 7 days. The construction of sondong boats involves the following components: sondong legs, floats, sondong bases, sinkers, sondong nets, and ropes, with operational processes that include setting, pushing and hauling. The banana prawn caught predominantly exhibits a carapace length of 14.87 mm, with carapace lengths ranging from 9.03 to 31.9 mm. The growth pattern of banana prawn is negatively allometric (b = 2.44). The sex ratio is disproportionately favouring females, comprising 60% of the population. The catch is primarily composed of juvenile sizes, with TKG II (48%) and TKG I (33%). The fishing mortality rate (F) is 5.29, exceeding the natural mortality rate (M) of 1.79. The exploitation rate (E) of banana prawn is 0.75, and the spawning potential ratio (SPR) is 3%, indicating over- iv exploitation. The bycatch composition is predominantly featherback fish (Coilia dussumieri), constituting 61.1% of the bycatch, which itself represents 43.84% relative to the main catch. The average bycatch remains below the length at first maturity (Lm), indicating juvenile sizes. Sondong exhibits low selectivity, with a Shannon-Wiener diversity index value (H’=2.1). The trophic level of the catch is dominated by fish species occupying trophic levels 3 and 4, which are classified as low to medium-level predators. Additionally, the intrinsic vulnerability of the fishing gear is assessed at 28.22, indicating low fishing vulnerability. The vulnerability of the gear is influenced by its selectivity and the biological characteristics of the fish. This study could highlight the ecological impacts of Sondong on fishery resources at the study site, particularly concerning the target (banana prawn) and non-target species. According to the research findings, sustainable fisheries management can be achieved by implementing a closed fishing season during the shrimp spawning period and monitoring the use of the sondong at the Dumai City fish landing station (PPI). Additionally, it is important to consider replacing this gear with more environmentally friendly alternatives. Regular monitoring with various types of fishing equipment is essential to gather more accurate and comprehensive information about the stock status in the study area.
       
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      http://repository.ipb.ac.id/handle/123456789/172114
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