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      Toleransi Burung Terhadap Kehadiran Manusia di Beberapa Area Perumahan Kecamatan Dramaga, Bogor

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      Date
      2026
      Author
      Rohman, Seno Nur
      Mardiastuti, Ani
      Mulyani, Yeni Aryati
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      Abstract
      Urbanisasi yang masif telah mengubah lanskap alami menjadi kawasan yang didominasi manusia. Pergeseran lansekap dan paparan aktivitas manusia tersebut berdampak terhadap perilaku dan keberadaan satwa liar, termasuk burung. Burung harus beradaptasi untuk mempertahankan kelangsungan hidup dari gangguan manusia. Salah satu bentuk adaptasi tersebut adalah melarikan diri ketika didekati manusia. Jarak di mana burung memutuskan untuk melarikan diri dapat dijadikan sebagai tolak ukur toleransi burung terhadap kehadiran manusia. Penelitian ini secara khusus bertujuan untuk menganalisis tingkat toleransi burung yang ditemukan pada gradien habitat perkotaan. Tujuan utama tersebut perlu didukung dengan data lain sehingga disusun tujuan tambahan yaitu mendeskripsikan kondisi vegetasi dan mengevaluasi keanekaragaman spesies burung yang umum ditemukan di lokasi penelitian. Lokasi penelitian dalam penelitian ini yaitu Perumahan Dosen IPB, Perumahan Pakuan Regency, dan Perumahan Dramaga Cantik di Kecamatan Dramaga, Kabupaten Bogor. Pengambilan data dilakukan pada bulan Mei-November 2024. Data kondisi vegetasi dikumpulkan menggunakan penghitungan nilai Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) dan Leaf Area Index (LAI), sedangkan data keanekaragaman jenis burung dikumpulkan dengan metode Point Count. Pengambilan data toleransi burung diukur menggunakan empat metrik perilaku, yaitu Start Distance (SD), Detection Distance (DD), Alert Distance (AD), dan Flight Initiation Distance (FID). Tiga spesies target yang diamati adalah burung gereja erasia (Passer montanus), cucak kutilang (Pycnonotus aurigaster), dan layang-layang batu (Hirundo javanica). Analisis data dilakukan secara deskriptif dan inferensial menggunakan Kruskal-Wallis test dan post hoc Dunn’s test. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa Perumahan Dosen IPB memiliki kerapatan vegetasi dan tutupan kanopi tertinggi, serta jumlah spesies burung terbanyak. Perumahan Pakuan Regency memiliki nilai indeks keanekaragaman tertinggi, mencerminkan distribusi individu yang lebih merata. Perumahan Dramaga Cantik menunjukkan nilai terendah untuk kerapatan vegetasi, tutupan kanopi, jumlah dan keanekaragaman jenis burung. Burung-gereja erasia dan layang-layang batu menunjukkan perbedaan signifikan dalam respons toleransi antar lokasi, dengan FID yang lebih pendek di area dengan vegetasi rendah, mencerminkan peningkatan toleransi akibat habituasi. Sebaliknya, cucak kutilang menunjukkan respons yang relatif stabil antar lokasi. Area dengan vegetasi rapat menyediakan habitat yang lebih mendukung bagi lebih banyak spesies burung, sementara area terbuka mendorong adaptasi perilaku yang lebih toleran bagi spesies tertentu. Penelitian ini menegaskan bahwa struktur vegetasi berperan penting dalam membentuk perilaku toleransi burung terhadap manusia.
       
      Rapid urbanization has reshaped natural landscapes into human-dominated areas, profoundly affecting wildlife, including birds. To persist in such environments, birds adapt through flight behavior when approached by humans. The distance at which they flee serves as an indicator of tolerance toward human presence. This study specifically aims to analyze the tolerance levels of birds observed along an urban habitat gradient. To support this primary objective, additional goals were established, namely to describe the vegetation conditions and to evaluate the diversity of bird species commonly found within the study sites. Data collection was conducted in three residential areas, namely IPB University Residence, Pakuan Residence, and Dramaga Cantik Residence, all located in Dramaga District, Bogor Regency. Data collection was conducted between May and November 2024. Vegetation conditions were assessed using Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) and Leaf Area Index (LAI), while bird species diversity was recorded through the Point Count method. Bird tolerance was measured using four behavioral metrics: Start Distance (SD), Detection Distance (DD), Alert Distance (AD), and Flight Initiation Distance (FID). Three focal species were observed, namely the Eurasian tree sparrow (Passer montanus), the Sooty-headed bulbul (Pycnonotus aurigaster), and the Pacific swallow (Hirundo javanica). Data analyses were performed using descriptive statistics and inferential tests, specifically the Kruskal–Wallis test followed by Dunn’s post hoc test. The results showed that IPB University Residence had the highest vegetation density and canopy cover, as well as the greatest number of bird species. Pakuan Residence had the highest diversity index, indicating a more even distribution of individuals. Dramaga Cantik Residence showed the lowest values in vegetation density, canopy cover, species richness, and diversity. The Eurasian tree sparrow and Pacific swallow showed significant differences in tolerance respones across locations, with shorter FID in areas with low vegetation, indicating increased tolerance due to habituation. In contrast, the Yellow-vented bulbul showed relatively stable respones across all locations. Areas with dense vegetation provide habitats that are more supportive for a greater number of bird species, whereas open areas promote more tolerant behavioral adaptations in certain species. This study emphasizes that vegetation structure plays a crucial role in shaping bird tolerance behavior toward human presence.
       
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      http://repository.ipb.ac.id/handle/123456789/172013
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      Copyright © 2020 Library of IPB University
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      Indonesia DSpace Group 
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