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      Kajian Kinerja Ayam IPB D1 pada Pemeliharaan Free-Range dan Intensif: Fisiologis, Biomarka Ketahanan Parasit, dan Kualitas Daging

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      Date
      2025
      Author
      Lase, Jonathan Anugrah
      Sumantri, Cece
      Afnan, Rudi
      Wulandari, Zakiah
      Estuningsih, Sri
      Sartika, Tike
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      Abstract
      Peningkatan kebutuhan protein hewani di Indonesia menuntut pengembangan ayam lokal unggul yang adaptif dan produktif. Ayam IPB D1 hasil persilangan ayam pelung, sentul, kampung, dan ras pedaging dikembangkan untuk memenuhi kebutuhan tersebut. Sistem pemeliharaan yang memperhatikan aspek kesejahteraan hewan seperti free-range kini semakin dilirik sebagai alternatif yang berkelanjutan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengevaluasi respons fisiologis, produksi, biomarka ketahanan terhadap infeksi parasit, dan kualitas daging ayam IPB D1 yang dipelihara dalam sistem free-range dibandingkan dengan sistem intensif. Pada perlakuan free-range, ayam dipelihara dengan akses ke area umbaran seluas 144 m², sedangkan pada sistem intensif ayam dikandangkan secara penuh tanpa akses ke lingkungan luar. Penelitian dilakukan di UP3J IPB University dengan menggunakan 90 ekor ayam jantan IPB D1 yang dipelihara dari umur 9 hingga 26 minggu. Parameter yang diamati meliputi respons fisiologis (hematologi, biokimia darah, kadar hormon kortikosteron dan triiodotironin), produksi (bobot badan, pertambahan bobot, konversi pakan, mortalitas), kualitas fisik dan kimia daging (pH, keempukan, susut masak, kadar nutrien, mineral, dan MDA), serta biomarka ketahanan parasit melalui analisis keragaman gen Avian Beta Defensin 2 (AvBD2) dan asosiasinya terhadap infeksi endoparasit. Hasil menunjukkan bahwa ayam free-range memiliki eritrosit dan hematokrit lebih tinggi, serta jumlah leukosit, limfosit, dan monosit yang signifikan lebih tinggi dibandingkan ayam intensif. Rasio heterofil limfosit (H/L) tetap dalam batas normal, mengindikasikan ayam tidak mengalami stres. Parameter biokimia darah tidak menunjukkan perbedaan signifikan antar-sistem pemeliharaan, yang mencerminkan tidak adanya kerusakan sel hati dan fungsi ginjal. Performa produksi ayam IPB D1 pada kedua sistem setara. Kualitas daging ayam free-range menunjukkan hasil yang lebih baik, terutama pada kadar protein, besi dan seng. Analisis molekuler pada gen AvBD2 mengidentifikasi 10 SNP yang bersifat polimorfik dan berada dalam keseimbangan Hardy-Weinberg. Beberapa SNP (g.4843 T>A, g.4881 A>G, g.5111 T>G, dan g.5177 G>T) menunjukkan asosiasi signifikan terhadap tingkat infeksi endoparasit, khususnya pada sistem intensif. Hasil ini menunjukkan potensi gen AvBD2 sebagai penanda molekuler ketahanan terhadap infeksi parasit. Secara keseluruhan, penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa ayam IPB D1 memiliki kemampuan adaptasi fisiologis yang baik pada sistem free-range tanpa penurunan performa produksi. Sistem free-range mendukung kesejahteraan hewan dan menghasilkan kualitas daging yang unggul. Selain itu, keragaman genetik AvBD2 berpotensi dimanfaatkan dalam program seleksi genetik untuk meningkatkan ketahanan ayam terhadap infeksi parasit.
       
      The increasing demand for animal-based protein in Indonesia requires the development of superior local chicken breeds that are both productive and environmentally adaptable. IPB D1 chicken, developed through crossbreeding of pelung, sentul, kampung, and broiler chickens, was designed to meet these needs. As public awareness of animal welfare grows, free-range systems are gaining popularity as sustainable alternatives to conventional intensive systems. This study aimed to evaluate the physiological responses, growth performance, parasite resistance biomarkers, and meat quality of IPB D1 chickens reared in free-range and intensive systems. In the free-range system, chicken were reared with access to a 144 m² grass covered outdoor area, whereas in the intensive system, chickens were kept entirely indoors without access to the external environment. The research was conducted at UP3J, IPB University, using 90 male IPB D1 chickens reared from 9 week to 26 weeks of age. Observed parameters included physiological responses (hematology, blood biochemistry, corticosterone and triiodothyronine levels), growth performance (body weight, weight gain, feed conversion ratio, mortality), meat quality (pH, tenderness, cooking loss, proximate content, minerals, and MDA), and genetic resistance biomarkers through Avian Beta Defensin 2 (AvBD2) gene polymorphism analysis and its association with endoparasite infection. Results showed that free-range chickens had significantly higher erythrocyte and hematocrit levels, as well as increased leukocyte, lymphocyte, and monocyte counts. The heterophile lymphocyte (H/L) ratio remained within the normal range, indicating no physiological stress. Blood biochemistry parameters showed no significant differences between rearing systems, which shows no liver cell damage and kidney function. Growth performance was comparable across systems. The meat quality of free-range chickens tends to be superior, particularly in terms of protein, malondialdehyde, iron, and zinc levels. Molecular analysis identified 10 polymorphic SNPs in the AvBD2 gene, with four SNPs (g.4843T>A, g.4881A>G, g.5111T>G, and g.5177G>T) significantly associated with endoparasite infection, particularly under the intensive system. These findings highlight the potential of AvBD2 as a molecular marker for genetic selection of parasite resistance. In conclusion, IPB D1 chickens adapt well physiologically to free-range systems without compromising performance. Free-range systems enhance animal welfare and meat quality while supporting the development of sustainable poultry farming.
       
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      http://repository.ipb.ac.id/handle/123456789/171299
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      • DT - Animal Science [361]

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      Copyright © 2020 Library of IPB University
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      Contact Us | Send Feedback
      Indonesia DSpace Group 
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      Universitas Jember Digital Repository