Evaluasi Pemanfaatan Biji Kecipir (Psophocarpus tetragonolobus) Sebagai Alternatif Bahan Baku Pakan Ikan Gurami (Ospronemus gouramy)

Abstract

Kenaikan harga pakan ikan yang semakin dibebani oleh penggunaan bungkil kedelai (BK) impor, mendorong pelaku budidaya perikanan untuk mencari alternatif lokal yang terjangkau. Biji kecipir (Psophocarpus tetragonolobus (L.) D.C.) atau BKC menawarkan profil nutrisi yang mirip BK, tetapi penggunaannya dalam pakan ikan masih belum banyak diteliti. Penelitian ini bertujuan mengevaluasi kecernaan bahan, nutrien dan energi BKC yang belum diolah (utuh) dan sudah diolah dengan kombinasi metode pengolahan. Analisis meliputi profil nutrien BKC, faktor antinutrien, aktivitas enzim pencernaan, histologi usus, dan hati. Sebanyak 150 ekor ikan gurami (28,16 ± 0,54 g) dipelihara selama 60 hari dalam akuarium bervolume 160 L di lingkungan terkontrol di Kolam Percobaan Budidaya, IPB University dan diberi pakan sampai kenyang tiga kali sehari. Penelitian menggunakan rancangan acak lengkap dengan tiga perlakuan dan lima ulangan: FWB (30% tepung biji kecipir utuh berlemak), DWB (30% tepung biji kecipir tanpa lemak), dan DWBE (30% DWB + 0,5 g/kg enzim Non- Starch Polysaccharide atau NSP). Perlakuan DWBE menunjukkan hasil terbaik (P<0,05) dalam hal kecernaan nutrien (protein 70,01 ± 2,24%; lemak 75,5 ± 1,40%; energi 72,64 ± 0,71%), laju pertumbuhan spesifik (LPS) sebesar 1,99 ± 0,01% per hari, dan rasio konversi pakan (RKP) sebesar 1,67 ± 0,03. Selain itu, kelompok DWBE menunjukkan retensi protein (50,64 ± 2,97%) dan retensi lemak (88,84 ± 3,71%) tertinggi, aktivitas enzim terbesar (amilase 1,268 ± 0,521 IU/mL; tripsin 2,146 ± 0,162 IU/mL; kimotripsin 4,162 ± 0,452 IU/mL; pepsin 0,042 ± 0,004 IU/mL), serta permukaan usus terluas (6952,98 ± 729,63 mm²). Tingkat kelangsungan hidup (TKH) dapat dipertahankan 100% selama pemeliharaan. Studi membuktikan bahwa Kelompok perlakuan pakan DWBE yang menggunakan tepung biji kecipir (BKC) yang diolah dengan kombinasi metode pengolahan fisik dan enzimatik, memberikan respon terbaik terhadap kinerja pertumbuhan ikan gurami. Seiring dengan keunggulan kandungan nutrien BKC, terdapat pula senyawa antinutrien yang membatasi pemanfaatannya dalam pakan. Oleh karena itu, diperlukan pengolahan khusus dan pengetahuan batas pemanfataannya dalam pakan ikan. Penelitian ini bertujuan mengevaluasi pemanfaatan tepung BKC sebagai sumber protein nabati terhadap kinerja pertumbuhan, kapasitas antioksidan, dan pemanfaatan protein oleh ikan gurami. Uji coba dilakukan di Kolam Percobaan Budidaya, IPB University menggunakan rancangan acak lengkap, lima perlakuan dan lima ulangan selama 60 hari. Pakan perlakuan dirancang memiliki kandungan isonitrogen dan isokalori dengan tingkat inklusi

tepung BKC olahan, yaitu: 0%, 10%, 20%, 30%, dan 40%, berkode WB0–WB40. Pemeliharaan benih gurami berbobot awal 24,95 ± 0,02 g per ekor dalam 25 akuarium bervolume 160 L. Masing-masing akuarium ditempati 15 ekor gurami dengan pemberian pakan sampai kenyang tiga kali sehari. Parameter berupa gambaran darah, indikator stres oksidatif (malondialdehida atau MDA, superoksida dismutase atau SOD, dan protein darah), kecernaan, kinerja pertumbuhan, efisiensi pakan, dan tingkat kelangsungan hidup (TKH). Hasil menunjukkan perlakuan WB20 memberikan respons signifikan (P<0,05) terhadap bobot akhir (1311,55 ± 28,06 g), laju pertumbuhan spesifik (2,06 ± 0,03% per hari), konversi pakan (1,26 ± 0,03), efisiensi pakan (79,51 ± 2,71%), retensi protein (46,38 ± 3,97%), retensi lemak (86,92 ± 6,65%) dan TKH (100%). Parameter stres oksidatif dan kecernaan menunjukkan inhibisi SOD 59,03 ± 2,49%, kadar MDA 5,14 ± 1,17 µmol/L, protein darah 4,98 ± 0,36 g/dL, kecernaan protein 74,77 ± 2,43%, dan kecernaan total 59,98 ± 1,30%. Dapat disimpulkan bahwa pemanfaatan tepung biji kecipir (BKC) olahan optimal pada tingkat inklusi 20% (WB20), ditandai dengan peningkatan kinerja pertumbuhan, peningkatan efisiensi pakan, tanpa gangguan stres oksidatif, dan kelangsungan hidup benih gurami 100%. Minyak biji kecipir (BKC) diketahui memiliki profil asam lemak oleat dan linoleat yang lebih baik dari minyak sawit, sehingga potensial sebagai alternatif sumber lemak pakan. Penelitian ini bertujuan meningkatkan performa pertumbuhan dan kelangsungan hidup benih gurami melalui pemanfaatan minyak BKC sebagai sumber lemak dalam pakan. Rancangan acak lengkap dengan empat perlakuan dan lima ulangan, yaitu perlakuan pakan diformulasikan isonitrogen dan isokalori menggunakan kombinasi MS:MJ (minyak sawit 1% + minyak jagung 1%), MS:MKCH (minyak sawit 1% + minyak BKC yang dipanaskan 1%), MKCH 2% (minyak BKC dengan pemanasan sebanyak 2%), dan MKCNH 2% (minyak BKC tanpa pemanasan sebanyak 2%). Uji coba dilakukan di Kolam Percobaan Budidaya IPB University, menggunakan benih gurami berbobot awal 28,08 ± 0,03 g/ekor dipelihara selama 60 hari dalam 20 akuarium bervolume 160 L. Setiap akuarium ditempati 15 ekor gurami dengan pemberian pakan sampai kenyang tiga kali sehari. Parameter yang diamati meliputi gambaran darah, stres oksidatif, bilangan peroksida, kandungan lemak darah, asam lemak tubuh, kinerja pertumbuhan, rasio konversi pakan, dan TKH benih gurami. Hasil menunjukkan bahwa perlakuan MKCH 2% memberikan performa terbaik (P<0,05) dengan peningkatan bobot akhir 1264,37 ± 67,80 g, laju pertumbuhan spesifik 1,72 ± 0,08% per hari, dan rasio konversi pakan 1,33 ± 0,02. Angka TKH benih gurami dapat dipertahankan 100% selama pemeliharaan. Perlakuan ini juga mendukung parameter kapasitas antioksidan dan kondisi lemak darah yang lebih baik, yaitu inhibisi SOD 66,52 ± 0,95%, HDL 61,04 ± 2,25 mg/dL. Nilai asam lemak tubuh linoleat C18:2n-6 menunjukkan respon yang signifikan (P<0,05) yaitu 13,42 ± 0,33% dari total lemak tubuh. Dapat disimpulkan bahwa minyak biji kecipir (BKC) yang dipanaskan dapat menggantikan minyak nabati konvensional sebanyak 2% dalam pakan tanpa menimbulkan efek negatif terhadap pertumbuhan, efisiensi pakan, dan kesehatan ikan gurami.

The increasing price of fish feed, further burdened by the use of imported soybean meal (SBM), has encouraged fish farmers to seek affordable local alternatives. Winged bean seeds (Psophocarpus tetragonolobus (L.) D.C.) or BKC offer a similar nutritional profile to BK, but their use in fish feed remains understudied. This study aims to evaluate the digestibility of materials, nutrients, and energy of unprocessed (wholeseed) and processed winged bean seeds using a combination of processing methods. The evaluation focused on nutrient digestibility, feed efficiency, and growth of gourami (Osphronemus goramy, Lacepede 1801). The analysis included the WBS nutrient profile, antinutrient factors, digestive enzyme activity, intestinal histology, and liver. A total of 150 gourami (28.16 ± 0.54 g) were raised for 60 days in a 160 L aquarium in a controlled environment at the Cultivation Experimental Pond, IPB University and fed to satiety three times daily. The study used a Completely Randomised Design with three treatments and five replications: FWB (30% whole, full-fat winged bean meal), DWB (30% defatted winged bean meal), and DWBE (30% DWB + 0.5 g/kg Non-Starch Polysaccharide or NSP enzyme). The DWBE treatment showed the best results (P<0.05) in terms of nutrient digestibility (protein 70.01 ± 2.24%; fat 75.5 ± 1.40%; energy 72.64 ± 0.71%), specific growth rate (SGR) of 1.99 ± 0.01% per day, and feed conversion ratio (FCR) of 1.67 ± 0.03. In addition, the DWBE group showed the highest protein retention (50.64 ± 2.97%) and fat retention (88.84 ± 3.71%), the most significant enzyme activity (amylase 1.268 ± 0.521 IU/mL; trypsin 2.146 ± 0.162 IU/mL; chymotrypsin 4.162 ± 0.452 IU/mL; pepsin 0.042 ± 0.004 IU/mL), and the largest intestinal surface area (6952.98 ± 729.63 mm²). The survival rate (SVR) could be maintained at 100% during maintenance. The study demonstrated that the DWBE feed treatment group, which used winged bean seed (WBS) processed through a combination of physical and enzymatic methods, yielded the best growth performance in gourami fish.. Along with the superior nutrient content of winged bean seeds (WBS), there are also antinutrient compounds that limit their use in feed. Therefore, special processing and knowledge of the limits of its use in fish feed are required. This study aims to evaluate the effect of using winged bean meal (WBM) as a source of vegetable protein on the growth performance, antioxidant capacity, and protein utilisation of gourami. BKC material that has been processed through soaking, heating, oil pressing, and the addition of NSP enzyme (0.5 g/kg), then included in the feed formulation. The trial was conducted in the Experimental Pond at IPB University, using a completely randomised design with five treatments and five replications for 60 days. The treatment feed was designed to have isonitrogen and isocaloric content, with inclusion levels of processed WBM at 0%, 10%, 20%, 30%, and 40%, coded WB0–WB40. Maintenance of gourami juveniles with an initial

weight of 24.95 ± 0.02 g per fish was conducted in 25 aquariums with a total volume of 160 L. Each aquarium was occupied by 15 gouramis, which were fed until satiation three times a day. Parameters include blood picture, oxidative stress indicators (malondialdehyde or MDA, superoxide dismutase or SOD, and blood protein), digestibility, growth performance, feed efficiency, and survival rate (SR). The results showed that WB20 treatment gave a significant response (P<0.05) to the final weight (1311.55 ± 28.06 g), specific growth rate (2.06 ± 0.03% per day), feed conversion (1.26 ± 0.03), feed efficiency (79.51 ± 2.71%), protein retention (46.38 ± 3.97%), fat retention (86.92 ± 6.65%) and SR (100%). Oxidative stress and digestibility parameters showed SOD inhibition of 59.03 ± 2.49%, MDA levels of 5.14 ± 1.17 µmol/L, blood protein of 4.98 ± 0.36 g/dL, protein digestibility of 74.77 ± 2.43%, and total digestibility of 59.98 ± 1.30%. It can be concluded that the utilisation of processed winged bean seed (WBS) meal is optimal at an inclusion level of 20% (WB20), characterised by increased growth performance, increased feed efficiency, no oxidative stress disturbances, and 100% survival of gourami juveniles. Winged bean seed (WBS) oil is known to have a better oleic and linoleic fatty acid profile than palm oil, making it a potential alternative lipid source in feed. This research aims to enhance the growth performance and survival of gourami juveniles by utilising WBS oil as a source of lipid in their feed. A completely randomised design with four treatments and five replications was used, namely the feed treatment was formulated isonitrogenously and isocalorically using a combination of MS:MJ (1% palm oil + 1% corn oil), MS:MKCH (1% palm oil + 1% heated WKC oil), MKCH 2% (2% heated WKC oil), and MKCNH 2% (2% unheated WKC oil). The trial was conducted at the IPB University Experimental Pond, using gourami juveniles with an initial weight of 28.08 ± 0.03 g/fish, which were maintained for 60 days in 20 aquariums with a total volume of 160 L. Each aquarium was occupied by 15 gouramis, fed at satiation three times a day. The parameters observed included blood analysis, oxidative stress, peroxide value, blood lipid content, body fatty acids, growth performance, feed conversion ratio, and survival rate (SR) of gouramis. The results showed that the 2% MKCH treatment provided the best performance (P < 0.05) with an increase in final weight of 1264.37 ± 67.80 g, a specific growth rate of 1.72 ± 0.08% per day, and a feed conversion ratio of 1.33 ± 0.02. The SR number of gouramis could be maintained at 100% during maintenance. This treatment also supports better antioxidant capacity parameters and blood lipid conditions, specifically SOD inhibition of 66.52 ± 0.95% and HDL of 61.04 ± 2.25 mg/dL. The value of linoleic acid C18:2n-6 body lipid showed a significant response (P<0.05) of 13.42 ± 0.33% of total body lipid. It can be concluded that heated winged bean seed (WBS) oil can replace conventional vegetable oil by 2% in feed without causing adverse effects on growth, feed efficiency, and health of gourami fish.