Identitas dan Virulensi Cendawan Patogen pada Lengkeng Impor serta Respons terhadap Fungisida Quiinone Outside Inhibitor

Abstract

Lengkeng merupakan komoditas hortikultura unggulan di Indonesia meskipun produksi dalam negeri belum dapat memenuhi permintaan nasional. Impor buah lengkeng menjadi alternatif walaupun cendawan patogen berpeluang terbawa dan berkembang selama pengiriman. Saat ini, belum ada informasi ilmiah yang tersedia mengenai cendawan patogen terbawa buah lengkeng. Penelitian ini bertujuan mengidentifikasi cendawan patogen terbawa buah lengkeng impor, virulensinya, dan penghambatan pertumbuhannya oleh fungisida quinone outside inhibitor. Penelitian ini dilaksanakan dari Januari hingga Mei 2025 dengan pengambilan sampel pada toko buah besar khusus buah impor. Serangkaian metodologi penelitian ini berupa Postulat Koch serta uji sensitivitas terhadap fungisida baik in vitro maupun in vivo. Penelitian ini berhasil mengisolasi tiga cendawan dominan, yaitu Penicillium corylophilum, Aspergillus niger, dan Schizophyllum commune yang bersifat patogenik. Cendawan dengan virulensi tertinggi adalah A. niger yang menyebabkan severitas hingga 80% pada buah. Uji sensitivitas in vitro menghasilkan nilai EC50 fungisida azoxystrobin berkisar antara 30–250 ppm untuk ketiga patogen yang masih sesuai dengan konsentrasi anjuran. Pengujian in vivo mengonfirmasi bahwa P. corylophilum sangat sensitif, diikuti oleh A. niger dan S. commune dengan penghambatan berturut-turut sebesar 71%, 12%, dan 21%.

Longan is a leading horticultural commodity in Indonesia, where domestic production cannot meet national demand. Importing longan fruit has become an alternative, although this increases the possibility of pathogenic fungi developing during shipping. Currently, no scientific information is available regarding these pathogenic fungi. The purpose of this study was to detect pathogenic fungi carried by imported longan fruit, determine their pathogenicity, and suppress their growth with fungicide interfering quinone synthesis pathway. This research was conducted from January to May 2025 with sampling at large fruit stores specializing in imported fruits. The research methodology consisted of Koch's postulates and sensitivity tests to fungicides in vitro and in vivo. The study successfully isolated three dominant pathogenic fungi: Penicillium corylophilum, Aspergillus niger, and Schizophyllum commune. A. niger exhibited the highest virulence, causing up to 80% severity in the fruit. In vitro sensitivity tests yielded EC50 values for the azoxystrobin fungicide, ranging from 30 to 250 ppm, for all three pathogens, which is still within the recommended concentration. In vivo experiments confirmed that P. corylophilum was highly sensitive, followed by A. niger and S. commune, with inhibitions of 71%, 12%, and 21% respectively.