Kandungan Logam Berat (Al, Zn, Pb, dan Cu) di Aerosol dan Lapisan Sea-Surface Microlayer serta Kondisi Lingkungan di Pulau Pramuka

Abstract

Pencemaran logam berat di lingkungan laut dapat berasal dari sumber alami maupun antropogenik. Penelitian ini bertujuan mengidentifikasi masukan logam berat ke perairan sekitar Pulau Pramuka yang berasal dari atmosfer, serta mendeskripsikan kondisi lingkungan di wilayah tersebut. Pengambilan sampel dilakukan pada Agustus 2024. Partikulat udara dikumpulkan menggunakan alat Staplex dan Minivol, sedangkan lapisan Sea-surface Microlayer (SML) diperoleh menggunakan metode Teknik Lempeng Gelas. Konsentrasi logam berat dalam aerosol dianalisis menggunakan alat Inductively Coupled Plasma–Optical Emission Spectrometry (ICP-OES) pada tiga fraksi, yaitu TSP, PM10, dan PM2.5, sedangkan logam berat pada SML dianalisis berdasarkan fase terlarut dan tersuspensi. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa logam berat dalam aerosol tertinggi terdapat pada fraksi TSP, sedangkan di SML dominan pada fase tersuspensi. Logam Al, Zn, dan Cu memiliki pola akumulasi serupa, yaitu konsentrasi total logam di SML lebih rendah dibandingkan aerosol. Sebaliknya, logam Pb memiliki konsentrasi lebih tinggi di SML dibandingkan aerosol. Temuan ini mengindikasikan adanya transfer dua arah, yaitu dari atmosfer ke laut melalui deposisi dan dari laut ke atmosfer melalui pecahan gelembung (bubble bursting). Faktor lingkungan seperti angin, curah hujan, gelombang, suhu, dan salinitas turut memengaruhi distribusi serta fluks logam berat di kedua media tersebut.

Heavy metal pollution in the marine environment can originate from both natural and anthropogenic sources. This study aims to identify atmospheric inputs of heavy metals into the waters around Pramuka Island and to describe the environmental conditions in the area. Sampling was conducted in August 2024. Aerosol particulates were collected using Staplex and Minivol air samplers, while the Sea-surface Microlayer (SML) collected using glass plate technique. Heavy metal concentrations in aerosols were analyzed using Inductively Coupled Plasma–Optical Emission Spectrometry (ICP-OES) across three fractions: TSP, PM10, and PM2.5. In the SML, heavy metals were analyzed in dissolved and suspended phases. Results showed that heavy metals aerosol were highest in the TSP fraction, while in the SML, heavy metals were dominant in the suspended phase. Aluminum (Al), zinc (Zn), and copper (Cu) exhibited similar accumulation patterns, with lower total concentrations in the SML compared to aerosols. In contrast, lead (Pb) showed higher concentrations in the SML. These findings indicate a two-way transfer, from atmosphere to ocean through deposition and from ocean to atmosphere through bubble bursting. Environmental factors such as wind, rainfall, waves, temperature, and salinity influence the distribution and flux of heavy metals in both media.