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      Genetic Origin of Amyda cartilaginea from Palu, Central Sulawesi, Based on Mitochondrial D-loop Sequences

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      Date
      2025
      Author
      Fardian, Syalaisya Audyna
      Farajallah, Achmad
      Perwitasari, Raden Roro Dyah
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      Abstract
      Amyda cartilaginea, a species of softshell turtle, is distributed across several Asian countries, including Indonesia. Its presence in Palu, Central Sulawesi, is unnatural and was introduced from another region. This research examined the mitochondrial D-loop region of A. cartilaginea to assess the genetic relationship between the population from Palu and other populations from Java, Kalimantan, and Sumatra. DNA molecules were extracted from blood samples of A. cartilaginea from Palu then amplified via PCR. High-quality amplicon was then submitted to 1st BASE for sequencing. The sequence data were aligned with homologous DNA segments retrieved from GenBank and the laboratory database, then analyzed using MEGA11 and R. Genetic distance analysis using the Kimura-2-Parameter model showed low divergence (0.000–0.031) with an average of 0.013 ± 0.004 among samples from Sulawesi, Java, and Kalimantan. The considerable geographic separation among those islands supports the hypothesis that A. cartilaginea was introduced via human-mediated trade, primarily by Javanese traders for Chinese dietary and cultural purposes. These findings confirm that A. cartilaginea in Palu is a non-native species. Further research with expanded sampling is necessary to assess its ecological impact and determine whether it poses invasive threats to the local ecosystem.
       
      Amyda cartilaginea, salah satu spesies labi-labi, terdistribusi di beberapa negara Asia, termasuk Indonesia. Kehadirannya di Palu, Sulawesi Tengah, tidak alami yang dapat diintroduksi dari daerah lain. Penelitian ini meneliti bagian D-loop mitokondria dari A. cartilaginea untuk menilai hubungan genetik antara populasi yang berasal dari Palu dan populasi lain dari Jawa, Kalimantan, dan Sumatra. Molekul DNA diekstraksi dari sampel darah A. cartilaginea dari Palu lalu diamplifikasi dengan PCR. Amplikon yang berkualitas tinggi kemudian dikirim ke 1st Base untuk proses sequencing. Data sekuens saling disejajarkan dengan beberapa ruas DNA homolog yang ada di GenBank dan database laboratorium. Sekuens kemudian dianalisis menggunakan MEGA11 dan R. Analisis jarak genetik dengan model Kimura-2-Parameter dan visualisasi heatmap menunjukkan perbedaan genetik yang kecil antara sampel dari Sulawesi, Jawa, dan Kalimantan sebesar 0.000?0.031, dengan rata-rata sebesar 0.0133 ± 0.0037. Jarak geografis yang cukup jauh antara pulau-pulau tersebut mendukung hipotesis bahwa A. cartilaginea diperkenalkan melalui perdagangan yang dimediasi oleh manusia, terutama oleh para pedagang Jawa untuk keperluan konsumsi dan praktik budaya Tionghoa. Temuan ini mendukung bahwa A. cartilaginea di Palu bukan merupakan spesies asli. Penelitian lanjutan diperlukan untuk mengkaji dampak ekologisnya dan potensi sebagai spesies invasif.
       
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      http://repository.ipb.ac.id/handle/123456789/166007
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