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      Efisiensi dan Determinan Ekspor Olahan Kakao Indonesia ke Negara Tujuan Utama

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      Date
      2025
      Author
      Hendra, Siti Khalissa
      Ahmad, Fahmi Salam
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      Abstract
      Perdagangan internasional berperan penting dalam pertumbuhan ekonomi Indonesia, terutama melalui peningkatan ekspor produk bernilai tambah. Salah satu komoditas yang memiliki potensi ekspor tinggi adalah olahan kakao. Sebagai salah satu negara produsen biji kakao terbesar dunia, Indonesia hingga awal tahun 2010 masih mengekspor sebagian besar biji kakao dalam bentuk mentah. Kondisi ini menyebabkan industri pengolahan kakao dalam negeri kekurangan bahan baku, sehingga pemerintah menerapkan kebijakan hilirisasi melalui pengenaan bea keluar. Penelitian ini menganalisis efisiensi dan determinan ekspor olahan kakao Indonesia ke 10 negara tujuan utama selama periode 2005-2023 menggunakan pendekatan Stochastic Frontier Gravity Model (SFGM). Hasil estimasi menunjukkan bahwa variabel GDP riil Indonesia, GDP riil mitra, nilai tukar riil, dan dummy hilirisasi berpengaruh secara positif dan signifikan terhadap ekspor. Sementara itu, jarak ekonomi dan trade openness berpengaruh secara negatif dan signifikan terhadap ekspor. Variabel dummy covid-19 tidak berpengaruh signifikan terhadap ekspor. Kemudian, rata-rata efisiensi Indonesia ke negara tujuan utama sebesar 73,2%, dengan efisiensi tertinggi ke Filipina sebesar 91,31% dan efisiensi terendah ke Australia dan Cina yaitu sebesar 31,57% dan 40,98%.
       
      International trade plays an important role in Indonesia’s economic growth, particularly through the expansion of value-added exports. One of the strategic commodities with high export potential is processed cocoa. As one of the world’s largest cocoa bean producers, Indonesia exported most of its cocoa beans in raw form until the early 2010s. This condition led to a shortage of raw materials for domestic cocoa processing industries, prompting the government to implement a downstream policy through the imposition of export duties. This study analyzes the efficiency and determinants of Indonesia’s processed cocoa exports to ten major destination countries during the period 2005–2023 using the Stochastic Frontier Gravity Model (SFGM). The estimation results show that Indonesia’s real GDP, partner countries’ real GDP, real exchange rate, and the downstream policy dummy have a positive and significant effect on exports. Meanwhile, economic distance and trade openness have a negative and significant effect. The covid-19 dummy variable has no significant effect on exports. The average efficiency of Indonesia’s processed cocoa exports to major destination countries is 73,2%, with the highest efficiency observed in exports to the Philippines (91,31%) and the lowest to Australia (31,57%) and China (40,98%).
       
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      http://repository.ipb.ac.id/handle/123456789/163641
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      • UT - Economics and Development Studies [3209]

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      Copyright © 2020 Library of IPB University
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      Contact Us | Send Feedback
      Indonesia DSpace Group 
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      Universitas Jember Digital Repository