Potensi Vaksinasi Udang Vaname Litopenaeus vannamei Menggunakan Vaksin Formalin Killed Cells Asal Bakteri Vibrio parahaemolyticus

Abstract

Udang vaname Litopenaeus vannamei merupakan komoditas unggulan di dunia termasuk Indonesia. Penurunan produksi udang vaname disebabkan oleh penyakit salah satunya adalah acute hepatopancreatic necrosis disease (AHPND). Vaksinasi pada udang terbukti berpotensi untuk dijadikan pilihan mengatasi penyakit pada udang. Penelitian ini bertujuan menguji efektivitas vaksin formalin killed cell dengan metode injeksi terhadap kesehatan udang vaname yang diinjeksi bakteri V. parahaemolyticus dengan dosis LD50. Penelitian dilakukan dengan metode rancangan acak lengkap terdiri dari tiga perlakuan yang meliputi K- (tanpa vaksinasi dan tanpa uji tantang), K+ (tanpa vaksinasi dan diuji tantang), dan P (vaksinasi dengan dosis 105 CFU/mL dan diuji tantang). Dosis uji tantang V. parahaemolyticus adalah 105 CFU/mL. Udang dipelihara hingga ukuran 5–7 gram, setelah itu dipindahkan ke akuarium perlakuan dan diaklimatisasi 3 hari. Selanjutnya udang perlakuan P diinjeksi vaksin, K- dan K+ diinjeksi phosphate buffer saline dan dipelihara selama 7 hari. Setelah itu udang perlakuan K+ dan P diuji tantang selama 7 hari. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan nilai tingkat kelangsungan hidup, total haemocyte count, aktivitas fagositik, aktivitas phenoloxydase, dan respiratory burst pada perlakuan vaksin menunjukkan hasil yang lebih baik daripada kontrol positif (K+). Nilai relative percent survival perlakuan vaksin menunjukkan nilai 53,13% yang bermakna vaksin efektif.

Whiteleg shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamaei) is a leading commodity in the world including Indonesia. The decline in whiteleg shrimp production is caused by diseases, one of which is acute hepatopancreatic necrosis disease (AHPND). Vaccination in shrimp has proven to be a potential option to overcome disease in shrimp. This study aims to test the effectiveness of formalin killed cell vaccine by injection method on the health of whiteleg shrimp injected with V. parahaemolyticus bacteria with LD50 dose. The study was conducted with a complete randomised design method consisting of three treatments including K- (no vaccination and no challenge test), K+ (no vaccination and challenge test), and P (vaccination at a dose of 105 CFU/mL and challenge test). The challenge test dose of V. parahaemolyticus was 105 CFU/mL. Shrimp were reared to a size of 5–7 grams, after which they were transferred to the treatment aquarium and acclimatised for 3 days. Next, P treatment shrimp were injected with vaccine, while K- and K+ treatment were injected with phosphate buffer saline and maintained for 7 days. After that, K + and P treatment shrimp were tested for 7 days. The results showed the value of survival rate, total haemocyte count, phagocytic activity, phenoloxydase activity, and respiratory burst in the vaccine treatment showed better results than the positive control. The relative percent survival value of vaccine treatment showed a value of 53,13% which means the vaccine is effective.