Toksisitas dan Aktivitas Antibakteri Simplisia Daun Mangrove dari Kuala Langsa dan Pulau Telaga Tujuh, Aceh Timur

Abstract

Mangrove banyak ditemukan di Indonesia dan diketahui memiliki aktivitas farmakologis seperti antijamur, antibakteri, antiseptik, dan antiinflamasi Pemanfaatan mangrove dalam pengobatan tradisional mendorong pengembangan dan penelitian metabolit sekundernya dalam bidang biofarmasi atau produk bahan alam. Kemampuan mangrove untuk menghasilkan metabolit sekunder sangat dipengaruhi oleh berbagai faktor termasuk lingkungan dan adaptasi fisiologis tanaman itu sendiri. Penelitian dilakukan untuk mengetahui apakah terdapat perbedaan bioaktivitas metabolit sekunder pada uji toksisitas dan uji antibakteri akibat pengaruh lingkungan pada populasi mangrove dari dua lokasi di Aceh. Pengambilan sampel dilakukan menggunakan metode transek garis yang ditarik tegak lurus dengan garis pantai sepanjang 50 m dan transek kuadrat berukuran 10×10 m2, 5×5 m2, dan 1×1 m2 yang diletakkan di sepanjang transek garis dengan jarak antar transek kuadrat sejauh 10 m. Pengambilan data diameter Rhizophora apiculata juga dilakukan dengan menggunakan metode pengukuran Diameter at breast height (DBH). Pengujian laboratorium untuk mengkaji toksisitas dan kemampuan R. apiculata dari Kuala Langsa dan Pulau Telaga Tujuh sebagai antibakteri dilakukan dengan beberapa tahapan yakni ekstraksi, uji toksisitas (Brine Shrimp Lethality Assay) dan uji antibakteri (Disk Diffusion Assay) terhadap bakteri E.coli dan S. aureus . Hasil penelitian menunjukkan mangrove yang hidup di Kuala Langsa memiliki diameter pohon yang lebih kecil dibanding mangrove yang hidup di Telaga Tujuh. Principal Component Analysis (PCA) menunjukkan terdapat beberapa faktor lingkungan yang memengaruhi pertumbuhan mangrove seperti salinitas dan jenis sedimen. Hasil ekstraksi menunjukkan sampel Kuala Langsa dan Telaga Tujuh menghasilkan hasil rendemen terbesar dengan pelarut aquades (11,25% & 11,65%) Uji toksisitas menunjukkan seluruh ekstrak methanol dan ethanol memiliki sifat toksik, dengan sampel TT-ST 3-9-RA dari Telaga Tujuh merupakan satu-satunya ekstrak yang mencapai kematian 50% pada uji pada jam ke-24. Hasil uji antibakteri menunjukkan mangrove dari Kuala Langsa lebih efektif melawan E. coli, sedangkan mangrove dari Telaga Tujuh lebih efektif terhadap S. aureus. Uji Anova dua arah (p < 0.05) menunjukkan diameter batang pohon tidak memiliki pengaruh yang signifikan dibandingkan pengaruh pelarut terhadap bioaktivitas metabolit sekunder mangrove. Diduga terdapat pengaruh lain selain pengaruh lingkungan yang memengaruhi bioaktivitas metabolit sekunder mangrove.

Mangroves are widely found in Indonesia and are known to have pharmacological activities such as antifungal, antibacterial, antiseptic, and anti-inflammatory. The use of mangroves in traditional medicine encourages the development and research of secondary metabolites in the field of biopharmaceuticals or natural product products. The ability of mangroves to produce secondary metabolites is greatly influenced by various factors including the environment and the physiological adaptation of the plant itself. The study was conducted to determine whether there were differences in the bioactivity of secondary metabolites in toxicity tests and antibacterial tests due to environmental influences on mangrove populations from two locations in Aceh. Sampling was carried out using the line transect method drawn perpendicular to the coastline along 50 m and quadrat transects measuring 10×10 m2, 5×5 m2, and 1×1 m2 placed along the line transect with a distance between quadrat transects of 10 m. Data collection on the diameter of Rhizophora apiculata was also carried out using the Diameter at breast height (DBH) measurement method. Laboratory testing to assess the toxicity and ability of R. apiculata from Kuala Langsa and Telaga Tujuh Island as an antibacterial was carried out in several stages, namely extraction, toxicity test (Brine Shrimp Lethality Assay) and antibacterial test (Disk Diffusion Assay) against E. coli and S. aureus bacteria. The results showed that mangroves living in Kuala Langsa had smaller tree diameters than mangroves living in Telaga Tujuh. Principal Component Analysis (PCA) showed that there were several environmental factors that influenced mangrove growth such as salinity and sediment type. The extraction results showed that Kuala Langsa and Telaga Tujuh samples produced the highest yields with aquades solvent (11.25% & 11.65%). Toxicity tests showed that all methanol and ethanol extracts had toxic properties, with the TT-ST 3-9-RA sample from Telaga Tujuh being the only extract that achieved 50% mortality in the 24-hour test. The results of the antibacterial test showed that mangroves from Kuala Langsa were more effective against E. coli, while mangroves from Telaga Tujuh were more effective against S. aureus. Two-way ANOVA test (p < 0.05) showed that tree trunk diameter did not have a significant effect compared to the effect of solvent on the bioactivity of mangrove secondary metabolites. It is suspected that there are other influences besides environmental influences that affect the bioactivity of mangrove secondary metabolites.