Model Lanskap Tradisional Masyarakat Gayo Kabupaten Aceh Tengah Provinsi Aceh

Abstract

Permukiman tradisional memiliki peran penting dalam membentuk dan melestarikan identitas unik sebuah komunitas. Permukiman tradisional berfungsi sebagai penyimpan warisan budaya dan sejarah yang berkontribusi besar terhadap identitas kolektif suatu populasi. Masuknya pengaruh budaya asing ke suku Gayo telah memberikan dampak yang amat signifikan terhadap perubahan lanskap tradisional yang terjadi di Kampung Toweren Uken. Upaya untuk melakukan pemetaan terhadap model lanskap Toweren Uken adalah bagian dari usaha untuk melestarikan lanskap permukiman tradisional Gayo yang masih bertahan serta membuat model lanskap yang merepresentasikan bentuk asli sebelum dipengaruhi oleh faktor eksternal. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengenali karakteristik lanskap tradisional, menganalisis elemen-elemen pembentuknya, serta merancang model lanskap permukiman tradisional masyarakat adat Gayo. Metode penelitian yang digunakan adalah deskriptif kualitatif, di mana data dikumpulkan melalui wawancara, kajian pustaka, dan survei lapangan. Tujuan akhir dari penelitian ini adalah mengembangkan model permukiman yang mencerminkan nilai-nilai budaya Gayo dan dapat menjadi acuan pengembangan di Kabupaten Aceh Tengah di masa depan. Penelitian dilakukan di Kampung Toweren Uken, salah satu kampung di Kecamatan Lut Tawar, Kabupaten Aceh Tengah. Kampung ini dikenal dengan peninggalan "umah pitu ruang", rumah tradisional Gayo, serta nilai-nilai budaya dan adat istiadat yang masih terjaga. Pendekatan deskriptif dalam penelitian ini melibatkan studi pustaka yang diperoleh melalui dokumen atau referensi berupa teks, artikel ilmiah, buku, dan lainnya. Wawancara dengan tokoh adat dilakukan untuk memperoleh informasi mengenai lanskap tradisional, elemen pembentuknya, serta kebudayaan lokal. Observasi lapangan bertujuan untuk memetakan elemen-elemen pembentuk karakter lanskap tradisional Kampung Toweren Uken dan melakukan verifikasi di lapangan. Analisis dilakukan secara spasial dan deskriptif, dengan hasil disajikan dalam konsep spasial dan deskriptif. Karakter lanskap Kampung Toweren Uken menunjukkan lahan yang relatif terjal di area hutan dan datar di bagian permukiman serta sawah. Sawah merupakan tutupan lahan dominan di kampung ini. Elemen alami yang teridentifikasi termasuk Gunung Birah Panyang, sungai, hutan, dan Danau Lut Tawar. Elemen buatan meliputi sawah, kebun, ladang, serta permukiman. Elemen dalam permukiman meliputi rumah tradisional dan modern, masjid, mersah, joyah, serta makam. Pekarangan warga biasanya ditanami sayuran dan obat-obatan seperti jahe, serai, kunyit, dan lainnya. Pola lanskap kampung ini memiliki pola kluster, di mana area permukiman dikelilingi oleh sawah dan kebun. Pola ini sangat mendukung pelaksanaan kegiatan budaya, termasuk upacara adat, dengan memanfaatkan elemen-elemen buatan yang tersedia.

Traditional settlements play a crucial role in shaping and preserving the unique identities of communities, serving as integral repositories of cultural heritage and historical significance that contribute significantly to the collective identity of a given population. Traditional settlements play a vital role in shaping and preserving the unique identity of a community. These settlements serve as repositories of cultural and historical heritage, greatly contributing to the collective identity of a population. The influence of foreign cultures on the Gayo people has significantly impacted the traditional landscape of Kampung Toweren Uken. The research to map the landscape model of Gayo traditional settlement are part of the endeavor to preserve the Gayo traditional settlement landscape that remains intact, as well as to create a model that represents its original form before external influences took hold. This study aims to identify the characteristics of traditional landscapes, analyze their constituent elements, and design a model of traditional Gayo community settlements. The research employs a qualitative descriptive method, gathering data through interviews, literature reviews, and field surveys. The ultimate goal is to develop a settlement design model that reflects the rich cultural values of the Gayo people and can serve as a reference for future development in the Central Aceh Regency. The study was conducted in Kampung Toweren Uken, located in the Lut Tawar District of Central Aceh Regency. This village is known for its heritage of "umah pitu ruang," a traditional Gayo house, along with the preservation of its cultural and customary values. The research adopts a descriptive approach, with literature studies sourced from documents or references in printed and electronic formats, scientific articles, books, and other relevant texts. Interviews were conducted with community leaders to obtain information about the traditional landscape, its constituent elements, and local culture. Field observations were carried out to map the elements that shape the character of Kampung Toweren Uken's traditional landscape and to conduct on-site verification. The analysis was conducted spatially and descriptively, with results presented in both spatial and descriptive formats. The landscape character of Kampung Toweren Uken reveals steep terrain in the forested areas, while the settlement and rice fields occupy flatter land. Rice fields dominate the land cover in this village. Identified natural elements include Birah Panyang Mountain, rivers, forests, and Lake Lut Tawar. Man-made elements consist of rice fields, gardens, farmlands, and settlements. Elements within the settlement include both traditional and modern houses, mosques, mersah (community spaces), joyah (traditional meeting places), and cemeteries. Household yards are typically planted with vegetables and medicinal plants such as ginger, lemongrass, turmeric, and others. The village's landscape follows a clustered pattern, where the settlement is surrounded by rice fields and gardens. This landscape pattern strongly supports cultural activities such as traditional ceremonies, which utilize the available man-made elements.