Analysis of PM10 Distribution and Potential Sources of Heavy Metals (Pb, Cd, Zn, Al, Ni) into The Sea Surface Microlayer in Jakarta Bay

Abstract

Understanding PM10 concentration in large cities like Jakarta, remains very limited, especially in terms of its spatial distribution. This research aims to validate PM10 concentration using field data and satellite imagery and to determine the concentration of heavy metals such as lead (Pb), cadmium (Cd), zinc (Zn), aluminum (Al), and nickel (Ni) in water to identify the heavy metals contribution. Sentinel-2 imagery data was obtained from Copernicus, while PM10 data was collected from field stations and a WAQI station. The PM10 concentrations derived from Sentinel-2 imagery processing were then compared with data from the WAQI station. Additionally, heavy metal data in the sea surface microlayer (SML) was collected near Jakarta’s port. The study indicated that PM10 distribution varies monthly, with indications of influence from the land. There are differences between field data and satellite image results ranging from 9.5 µg/m^3 to 126.1 µg/m^3. These differences are likely due to atmospheric conditions, the accuracy of data processing algorithms, or the limitations in the availability of field data. Analysis of heavy metals indicates that the concentration is higher in the suspended phase in the SML compared to the dissolved phase, where Pb and Zn are more dominant in the dissolved phase, while Al is more concentrated in the suspended phase.