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      Analisis Ekonomi Berbagai Alternatif Respon Awal Terhadap Wabah Penyakit Mulut dan Kuku pada Sapi Perah di Kabupaten Malang

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      Date
      2024
      Author
      Widyadhari, Atsmarina
      Basri, Chaerul
      Sudarnika, Etih
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      Abstract
      Keterlambatan pelaporan penyakit oleh peternak dan keterlambatan respon oleh petugas menyebabkan Penyakit Mulut dan Kuku (PMK) menyebar dengan cepat pada populasi. Hal ini berdampak pada besarnya biaya pengendalian yang harus ditanggung pemerintah. Penelitian ini ditujukan untuk mengevaluasi besaran biaya pengendalian yang harus dikeluarkan dengan berbagai alternatif respon pada awal terjadinya wabah PMK dengan mempertimbangkan probabilitas high risk period (HRP) dan akseptabilitas pemotongan hewan oleh peternak. Desain penelitian ini menggunakan simulasi matematika dan analisis pohon keputusan. Lokasi model penelitian adalah Kabupaten Malang dengan tiga wilayah simulasi yang memiliki tingkat kepadatan populasi sapi perah yang rendah, sedang dan tinggi. Penularan penyakit disimulasikan dengan menggunakan model matematika susceptible-exposed-infected-recovered-vaccinated-culled (SEIRVC) atau rentan-terdedah-infeksius-sembuh atau mati-divaksinasi-dipotong melewati tiga HRP yaitu 7, 14 dan 21 hari. Setiap skenario kemudian dipasangkan dengan 5 alternatif program pengendalian, yaitu (1) pemotongan hewan infeksius dan hewan terekspos (CIE); (2) pemotongan hewan infeksius dan pre-emptive culling hewan rentan radius 1 km dari lokasi wabah (CIE 1 km); (3) pemotongan hewan infeksius dan pre-emptive culling hewan rentan radius 3 km dari lokasi wabah (CIE 3 km); (4) pemotongan hewan infeksius dan vaksinasi hewan rentan radius 3 km dari lokasi wabah (CIV 3 km); dan pemotongan hewan infeksius dan vaksinasi hewan rentan radius 10 km dari lokasi wabah (CIV 10 km). Keseluruhan skenario tersebut kemudian dihitung biaya pengendaliannya. Total biaya pengendalian terendah kemudian dianggap sebagai strategi pengendalian yang optimal. Survei juga dilakukan untuk menentukan probabilitas hari HRP dan akseptabilitas peternak terhadap program pemusnahan masing-masing di setiap wilayah. Nilai moneter yang diharapkan atau expected monetary value (EMV) yang dihitung dengan mengalikan probabilitas HRP dan probabilitas akseptabilitas pemusnahan dengan biaya pengendalian optimal. Hasil simulasi menunjukkan bahwa respon awal yang paling optimal terhadap wabah PMK di daerah kepadatan rendah adalah program CIE dengan EMV biaya pemberantasan sebesar 1,84 (1,76–1,93) miliar rupiah; daerah kepadatan sedang adalah program CIV 3 km dengan EMV biaya pemberantasan sebesar 4,93 (4,71–5,21) miliar rupiah; dan daerah kepadatan tinggi adalah program CIE dengan EMV biaya pemberantasan sebesar 3,31 (2,63–4,18) miliar rupiah. Perpanjangan HRP akan menyebabkan peningkatan jumlah hewan yang terinfeksi, durasi wabah, besar biaya pengendalian, dan jumlah hewan yang terkena dampak pengendalian. Penundaan petugas dalam merespon pelaporan, penundaan pelaksanaan pengendalian, serta akseptabilitas peternak pada program pemotongan juga menjadi faktor lain yang dapat menyebabkan terjadinya peningkatan biaya.
       
      Delays in disease reporting by farmers and delays in response by officials cause Foot and Mouth Disease (FMD) to spread rapidly in the population. This has an impact on the amount of economic losses in the form of control costs that must be borne by the government. This study aimed to evaluate the amount of control costs that must be incurred with various alternative responses at the beginning of the FMD outbreak by considering the probability of high risk period (HRP) and the acceptability of animal slaughter by farmers. The research design used mathematical simulation and decision tree analysis. The location of the research model is Malang District with three simulation areas that have low, medium and high levels of dairy cattle population density. Disease transmission was simulated using the mathematical model susceptible-exposedinfected-recovered or dead-vaccinated-culled (SEIRVC) through three HRPs of 7, 14 and 21 days. Each scenario was then paired with 5 alternative control programmes, namely (1) cull of infected and exposed animals (CIE); (2) cull of infected animals and pre-emptive culling of susceptible animals within 1 km of the outbreak site (CIE 1 km); (3) cull of infected animals and pre-emptive culling of susceptible animals within 3 km of the outbreak site (CIE 3 km); (4) cull of infected animals and vaccination of susceptible animals within 3 km of the outbreak site (CIV 3 km); and (5) cull of infected animals and and vaccination of susceptible animals within 10 km of the outbreak site (CIV 10 km). The cost of control was then calculated for all scenarios. The lowest total cost of control was then considered the optimal control strategy. Surveys were also conducted to determine the probability of HRP days and farmer acceptability of the respective culling programme in each region. The expected monetary value (EMV) was calculated by multiplying the probability of HRP and the probability of culling acceptability by the optimal control cost. Simulation results show that the most optimal initial response to FMD outbreaks in low-density areas is the CIE programme with an EMV of eradication costs of 1,84 (1,76–1,93) billion rupiah; medium-density areas is the CIV 3 km programme with an EMV of eradication costs of 4,93 (4,71–5,21) billion rupiah; and high-density areas is the CIE programme with an EMV of eradication costs of 3,31 (2,63–4,18) billion rupiah. Extending the HRP will lead to an increase in the number of infected animals, duration of the outbreak, economic burden, and number of animals affected by control. Officer delays in responding to reporting, delays in implementing control, and farmer acceptability of the slaughter programme are also other factors that can lead to increased costs.
       
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      http://repository.ipb.ac.id/handle/123456789/157280
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