Hubungan Asupan Gizi dan Program Latihan dengan Persepsi Citra Tubuh pada Binaragawan

Abstract

Binaraga sebagai salah satu jenis cabang olahraga berbasis penampilan fisik yang berfokus pada pembentukan otot dan semakin diminati di kalangan pria. Pria berolahraga salah satunya bertujuan memiliki tubuh yang berotot. Proporsi bentuk tubuh dan komposisi tubuh yang tepat bisa menentukan keberhasilan binaraga. Namun, meningkatnya keinginan menjadi lebih berotot dapat menjadi masalah yang menyebabkan gangguan makan dan gejala ketidakpuasan tubuh. Asupan gizi dan kombinasi program latihan dapat mempengaruhi massa otot pada binaragawan. Pada umumnya, penelitian yang ada dan sebelumnya meneliti terkait asupan gizi dan program latihan pada status gizi binaraga. Belum banyak penelitian di Indonesia meneliti terkait asupan gizi dan program latihan pada persepsi citra tubuh binaraga. Tujuan umum penelitian ini untuk mengkaji hubungan asupan gizi dan program latihan terhadap persepsi citra tubuh pada binaraga di Perhimpunan Binaraga, Provinsi Riau. Tujuan khusus yaitu; (1) menganalisis karakteristik individu, sosial dan ekonomi pada binaragawan; (2) menganalisis asupan zat gizi termasuk protein, lemak, karbohidrat, cairan, vitamin dan mineral pada binaragawan; (3) menganalisis konsumsi suplemen pada binaragawan; (4) menganalisis program latihan pada binaragawan; (5) menganalisis persepsi citra tubuh pada binaragawan; dan (6) menganalisis hubungan asupan gizi dan program latihan terhadap persepsi citra tubuh pada binaragawan pada fase cutting di Perhimpunan Binaraga, Provinsi Riau. Penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan cross sectional (fase cutting) dengan metode pengukuran dan wawancara pada binaragawan. Penelitian dilaksanakan pada bulan Januari – Agustus 2023. Sampel penelitian ini berasal dari Perhimpunan Binaraga Provinsi Riau. Responden penelitian terdiri dari dua kelompok yaitu binaragawan kompetitif dan binaragawan non kompetitif. Binaragawan kompetitif merupakan binaragawan yang aktif dan atau pernah mengikuti kontes binaraga dan melakukan aktivitas fisik atau latihan yang berhubungan dengan hipertrofi otot dan mengurangi lemak tubuh. Binaragawan non kompetitif merupakan binaragawan yang tidak pernah atau belum mengikuti kontes binaraga dan melakukan aktifitas fisik atau latihan yang berhubungan dengan hipertropi otot serta mengurangi lemak tubuh. Jumlah responden sebanyak 70 responden yang terdiri dari 33 responden binaragawan kompetitif dan 37 responden binaragawan non kompetitif. Variabel penelitian terdiri dari karakteristik individu diantaranya usia, pendidikan, pekerjaan, pendapatan, antropometri, asupan gizi, konsumsi suplemen, program latihan dan data persepsi citra tubuh binaragawan. Data antropometri diambil melalui pengukuran menggunakan BIA (Body Impedance Analysis) model HBF-375 Karada Scan Omron dan Stature meter, data asupan gizi menggunakan formulir food recall 2 x 24 jam, data konsumsi suplemen menggunakan kuesioner, data program latihan menggunakan formulir program latihan dan data persepsi citra tubuh menggunakan formulir Bodybuilder Image Grid Scaled. Data ditampilkan secara deskriptif dan inferensia. Pengolahan data menggunakan Microsoft Excel 2018 dan SPSS 20. Data didistribusikan menggunakan Kolmogorov Smirnov dan dilanjutkan dengan uji hubungan variabel. Analisis terdiri dari univariat dan bivariat serta multivariat. Analisis bivariat dilakukan untuk mengetahui hubungan antara variabel dependen (asupan gizi dan program latihan) dengan variabel independen (persepsi citra tubuh) dengan menggunakan analisis Spearman rank. Analisis multivariat menggunakan analisis regresi logistik berganda. Karakteristik responden berdasarkan usia memasuki usia dewasa awal, dengan pendidikan tinggi, status pekerjaan tetap dan pendapatan kategori tinggi (= UMR Kota Pekanbaru). BMI responden mayoritas tergolong normal dan FFMI atau fat free mass index pada kelompok kompetitif didominasi pada kategori average dan kelompok non kompetitif masuk kategori below average. Asupan energi, protein, karbohidrat dan cairan pada responden termasuk kategori kurang sedangkan asupan lemak pada binaragawan termasuk kategori lebih. Asupan kalsium, natrium, kalium, vitamin B1, vitamin B2, vitamin B3 dan vitamin C mayoritas termasuk kategori kurang pada binaragawan kompetitif dan non kompetitif. Namun untuk asupan zat besi pada binaragawan kompetitif dan non kompetitif termasuk kategori cukup. Mayoritas binaragawan menggunakan suplemen bertujuan menurunkan massa lemak tubuh. Jenis suplemen yang dikonsumsi pada binaragawan kompetitif menggunakan fat burner sedangkan pada binaragawan non kompetitif mayoritas menggunakan protein jenis whey dan informasi terkait suplemen didapat paling banyak dari pelatih. Latihan resistensi yang dilakukan oleh binaragawan mayoritas menggunakan frekuensi latihan perkelompok, jumlah set, maksimum pengulangan dengan kategori tinggi dan jumlah waktu istirahat dengan kategori sedang. Latihan aerobik pada binaragawan mayoritas tidak melakukan latihan aerobik pada fase cutting. Latihan aerobik yang dilakukan oleh sebagian binaragawan diantaranya seperti bersepeda, treadmill, senam dan jalan kaki. Terdapat perbedaan dalam penilaian persepsi berdasarkan komponen massa lemak dan massa otot dari sudut pandang saat ini dan ideal pada binaragawan (p<0,05). Kelompok binaragawan non kompetitif merasa tidak puas dengan bentuk tubuh dibandingkan kelompok binaragawan kompetitif. Asupan karbohidrat berhubungan negatif dengan penilaian persepsi citra tubuh berdasarkan komponen massa lemak (p<0,05). Asupan cairan berhubungan negatif dengan persepsi citra tubuh berdasarkan komponen massa otot pada binaragawan (p<0,05). Frekuensi latihan resistensi perkelompok otot dan latihan aerobik berhubungan potifif dengan persepsi citra tubuh berdasarkan komponen massa otot pada binaragawan (p<0,05). Hasil analisis multivariat menggunakan regresi logistik berganda menunjukkan bahwa binaragawan berisiko 4,3 kali mengalami ketidakpuasan dengan bentuk tubuhnya berdasakan masa otot bila tidak melakukan latihan aerobik. Binaragawan menginginkan tubuh lebih ramping (persentase massa lemak tubuh rendah) dan berotot (persentase massa otot tinggi) dengan menerapkan diet rendah karbohidrat dan cairan serta menggunakan program latihan resistensi dengan frekuensi, jumlah set, maksimum pengulangan dengan kategori tinggi.

Bodybuilding is a sport based on physical appearance that focuses on building muscle and is increasingly popular among men. One of the aims of men exercising is to have a muscular body. Proper body shape and body composition can determine bodybuilding success. However, the increased desire to be more muscular becomes a problem that causes eating disorders and symptoms of body dissatisfaction. Nutritional intake and combination of training programs can influence muscle mass in bodybuilders. In general, existing and previous research examines nutritional intake and training programs on the nutritional status of bodybuilders. There has not been much research in Indonesia examining the relationship between nutritional intake and training programs on the perception of body image in bodybuilding. the general aim of this research is to examine the relationship between nutritional intake and training programs on body image perceptions in bodybuilding at the Riau Province Bodybuilding Association. The specific objectives of the research include analyzing the individual, social and economic characteristics of bodybuilders; analyze nutritional intake including protein, fat, carbohydrates, fluids, vitamins and minerals in bodybuilders; analyzing supplement consumption in bodybuilders; analyzing training programs in bodybuilders; analyzing body image perceptions in bodybuilders; and analyzing the relationship between nutritional intake and training programs on body image perceptions in bodybuilders in the cutting phase at the Riau Province Bodybuilder Association. This research uses a cross sectional approach with measurement and interview methods during the cutting phase of bodybuilders. The research was carried out in January – August 2023. The sample for this research came from the Riau Province Bodybuilding Association. Research respondents consisted of two groups, namely competitive bodybuilders and non-competitive bodybuilders. Competitive bodybuilders are bodybuilders who are active and or have participated in bodybuilding contests and carried out physical activities or exercises related to muscle hypertrophy. Non-competitive bodybuilders are bodybuilders who have never or have not participated in bodybuilding contests and carry out physical activities or exercises related to muscle hypertrophy and reducing body fat. The number of respondents was 70 respondents consisting of 33 respondents who were competitive bodybuilders and 37 respondents who were non-competitive bodybuilders. The research variables consist of individual characteristics including age, education, employment, income, anthropometry, nutritional intake, training program and bodybuilder body image perception data. Anthropometric data was taken through measurements using BIA (Body Impedance Analysis) model HBF-375 Karada Scan Omron and Stature meter, nutritional intake data using a 2 x 24 hour food recall form, exercise data using an exercise program form and body image perception data using a form Bodybuilder Image Grid Scaled. Data were displayed descriptively and inferentially. Data processing used Microsoft Excel 2018 and SPSS 20. Data was distributed using Kolmogorov Smirnov and continued with variable relationship tests. The analysis consists of univariate, bivariate and multivariate. Bivariate analysis was carried out to determine the relationship between the dependent variable (nutrition intake and exercise program) and the independent variable (perception of body image) using Spearman rank analysis and multiple logistic regression analysis. Characteristics of respondents based on age entering early adulthood, with higher education, permanent employment status and high category income (= Pekanbaru City Minimum Wage). The majority of respondents' BMI is classified as normal and the FFMI or fat free mass index in the competitive group is predominantly in the Average category and the non-competitive group is in the Below average category. Energy, protein, carbohydrate and fluid intake of respondents were in the less categories, while the fat intake of bodybuilders were in the more category. The majority of intakes of calcium, sodium, potassium, vitamin B1, vitamin B2, vitamin B3 and vitamin C were in the deficient category in competitive and non-competitive bodybuilders. However, iron intake in competitive and non-competitive bodybuilders is in the sufficient category. The majority of bodybuilders use supplements during the cutting phase with the aim of reducing body fat mass. The type of supplement consumed by competitive bodybuilders uses fat burners, while the majority of non-competitive bodybuilders was whey protein. Regarding supplements information was mostly obtained from the trainers. The majority of resistance training carried out by bodybuilders were group training frequency, number of sets, maximum repetitions in the high category and number of rest periods in the medium category. Aerobic training The majority of bodybuilders did not do aerobic training in the cutting phase. Aerobic exercises carried out by some bodybuilders included cycling, treadmills, gymnastics and walking. There were a difference in the perception assessment based on the components of fat mass and muscle mass from the current and ideal point of view in bodybuilders (p<0.05). The non-competitive bodybuilder group felt dissatisfied with their body shape compared to the competitive bodybuilder group. Carbohydrate intake were negatively related to the assessment of body image perception based on the fat mass component (p<0.05). Fluid intake was negatively related to body image perception based on muscle mass components in bodybuilders (p<0.05). The frequency of resistance training per muscle group and aerobic exercise was positively related to body image perception based on muscle mass components in bodybuilders (p<0.05). The results of multivariate analysis using multiple logistic regression showed that bodybuilders were 4.3 times more likely to experience dissatisfaction with their body shape based on muscle mass if they did not do aerobic exercise. The findings of this study provide information that bodybuilders wanted a leaner body (low body fat mass percentage) and muscularity (high muscle mass percentage) by adopting a low carbohydrate and fluid diet and used a resistance training program with frequency, number of sets, and maximum repetitions in the high category.