Rancang Bangun Sistem Pengelolaan Hutan Mangrove Berkelanjutan di Kwandang Kabupaten Gorontalo Utara

Abstract

Dinamika pengelolaan kawasan hutan mangrove di Kecamatan Kwandang Kabupaten Gorontalo Utara diwarnai oleh pemanfaatan sumberdaya mangrove yang memiliki peran, fungsi, dan manfaat yang penting bagi kehidupan manusia, baik secara langsung maupun tidak langsung. Penelitian ini bertujuan: (1) mendiskripsikan kondisi ekologi kawasan hutan mangrove dan kondisi sosial ekonomi masyarakat di sekitar kawasan hutan mangrove di Kecamatan Kwandang Kabupaten Gorontalo Utara, (2) menentukan status keberlanjutan pengelolaan hutan mangrove di Kecamatan Kwandang Kabupaten Gorontalo Utara, (3) mengidentifikasi dan memetakan stakoholders dalam pengelolaan hutan mangrove di Kabupaten Gorontalo Utara, (4) menentukan faktor-faktor kunci dalam pengelolaan hutan mangrove berkelanjutan di Kecamatan Kwandang Kabupaten Gorontalo Utara, (5) menyusun model pengelolaan hutan mangrove berkelanjutan di Kecamatan Kwandang Kabupaten Gorontalo Utara. Penelitian dilakukan selama 12 bulan, mulai Juli 2017 hingga Juni 2018. Dan mencakup wilayah penelitian yang terdiri dari empat desa, yaitu: Desa Katialada, Desa Bulalo, Desa Loboto, dan Desa Botungobungo. Penelitian menggunakan kombinasi antara metode survey dengan pendekatan sistem. Data dikumpulkan secara sengaja terhadap responden pakar dan pemangku kepentingan yang terkait dengan pengelolaan hutan mangrove berkelanjutan di Kecamatan Kwandang Kabupaten Gorontalo Utara. Alat analisis yang digunakan untuk menjawab tujuan yaitu (1) Metode analisis vegetasi untuk nilai index penting, dan untuk analisis satwa akuatik dilakukan secara diskriptif kualitatif, pada nilai manfaat ekonomi langsung dihitung dengan evaluasi ekonomi nilai manfaat langsung, (2) menganalisis nilai indeks keberlanjutan sistem pengelolaan hutan mangrove dengan menggunakan Rap-Mforest metode Multidimensional Scaling (MDS) modifikasi dari Rapfish, (3) mengidentifikasi dan memetakan stakeholders dalam pengelolaan hutan mangrove dengan menggunakan metode analisis stakeholders, ( 4) metode Interpretative Structural Modelling (ISM) untuk penentuan faktor-faktor kunci dalam pengelolaan hutan mangrove berkelanjutan (5) review mendalam dan sintesa untuk merumuskan model pengelolaan hutan mangrove berkelanjutan di Kecamatan Kwandang Kabupaten Gorontalo Utara. Hasil analisis vegetasi dijumpai 6 jenis tumbuhan mangrove: 3 jenis semai, 5 jenis pancang, 4 jenis tiang dan 3 jenis pohon, hasil invetarisasai fauna akuatik terdapat 4 (empat) jenis fauna akuatik di kawasan hutan mangrove Kecamatan Kwandang yakni; rodong (Telescopium), glodok (Periophhthalmus walailake), kepiting bakau (Scylla serrata), dan kepiting capit satu (Fiddler Crab). Nilai manfaat langsung hutan mangrove di lokasi penelitian adalah sebesar Rp 7.927.010.000/tahun. Keberlanjutan pengelolaan hutan mangrove di Kecamatan Kwandang Kabupaten Gorontalo Utara, saat ini mempunyai nilai indeks sebesar 49,48 artinya pengelolaan hutan mangrove masih belum baik atau kurang berkelanjutan, sehingga perlu ditingkatkan untuk mewujudkan pengelolaan hutan berkelanjutan. Rumusan strategi menemukan 7 (tujuh) lembaga/instansi kunci dalam pengelolaan hutan mangrove berkelanjutan yaitu; KPH IV Gorut, DLH Gorut, DPRD Tkt. II Gorut, LSM, BAPPEDA Gorut, BPDASHL, dan DKP. Analisis faktor-faktor kunci menemukan faktor kunci untuk mencapai tujuan pengelolaan hutan mangrove berkelanjutan yaitu pengelolaan hutan mangrove terpadu dan terimplementasinya peraturan perundangan; dalam hal kendala program yaitu konversi hutan mangrove, kurangnya dukungan pemerintah dalam program-program pengelolaan hutan mangrove; dan dalam perubahan yang dimungkinkan yaitu meningkatkan koordinasi antar lembaga, rehabilitasi hutan mangrove dioptimalkan dan alokasi dana yang efektif. Model pengelolaan hutan mangrove berkelanjutan di Kecamatan Kwandang Kabupaten Gorontalo Utara dirumuskan dalam bentuk model kelembagaan yang efektif dan partisipatif dengan membentuk Tim Koordinasi Pengelolaan Hutan Mangrove Terpadu.

The degradation of mangrove forest in Gorontalo Province is significantly increased in the last decade. The damaged of mangrove forestin the North Gorontalo District is caused by the pressure from population growth, especially in coastal areas. The pressure is resulting in the conversion of mangrove land into residential land and the excessive use of natural resources. Mangrove forest in North Gorontalo District are rapidly depleted and damaged because it has become a densely populated settlement and most of it has changed its function to aquaculture land with a pond pattern. The damage of mangrove is endangering to the ecosystem of fishery resources, biodiversity and destabilizes coastal forests that support the protection of land and rural agricultural crops. The general objective of this study was to design a sustainable mangrove forest management planning model in Kwandang Sub Distric, North Gorontalo District so that it can be applied as a policy in mangrove forest management planning in Indonesia. To achieve the research objective, the stages or specific objectives and each method used to achieve them include: 1) the initial stage of the research begins by understanding the ecology and sosio-economy conditions of the mangrove forest area for determination of the sustainability status: 2) analyzing the index value of the sustainability of the mangrove forest management system using Rap-Mforest with the modified Multidimensional Scaling (MDS) method from Rapfish: 3) Identify and map stakeholders in mangrove forest management using stakeholder analysis method, 4) Determination of key factors in the sustainable mangrove forest management planning using the Interpretative Structural Modelling (ISM) method, and (5) Arranging a model of sustainable mangrove forest management in Kwandang District, North Gorontalo District.. The results of the vegetation analysis found 6 species of mangroves: 3 species of seedlings, 5 species of saplings, 4 species of poles and 3 species of trees. Avicenia marina is the dominant species at the tree level, so it can be said that its presence plays a role in the structure of mangrove vegetation, while the lowest IVI is owned by Sonneratia alba. For the results of fauna inventory, there are 4 (four) species of fauna in the mangrove forest area of Kwandang District, namely; Rodong (Telescopium), glodok (Periophhthalmus walailake), mud crab (Scylla serrata), one claw crab (Fiddler Crab). The highest abundance index was rodong (Telescopium), and the lowest abundance index was Glodok (Periophhthalmus walailake). The direct use value of mangrove forests in the research location is Rp. 7. 927,010,000 / year. In general, the education and health facilities in North Gorontalo District are adequate. The sustainability of mangrove forest management in Kwandang District, North Gorontalo Regency, currently has an index value of 49.48, meaning that mangrove forest management is still not good or not sustainable, so it needs to be improved to reach sustainable forest management. The ecological dimension is in the fairly sustainable category (60.43); the economic dimension is less sustainable (45.79); and the social dimension with an index value of 42.22 shows a less sustainable status. The results of the stakeholder analysis show that the key stakeholders consist of 7 (seven) institutions / agencies, namely; KPH IV Gorut, DLH Gorut, DPRD Gorut, NGOs, BAPPEDA Gorut, BPDASHL, and DKP acting as implementers or guardians of regulations who are expected to partner with each other to empower other stakeholders in achieving mangrove forest management goals. Analysis of key factors in sustainable mangrove forest management, found the key factors to achieve the goals of sustainable mangrove forest management, namely integrated mangrove forest management and implementation of laws and regulations; in terms of program constraints, namely the conversion of mangrove forests, lack of government support in mangrove forest management programs; and in possible changes, namely improving inter-agency coordination, optimized mangrove forest rehabilitation and effective allocation of funds. The sustainable mangrove forest management model in Kwandang District, North Gorontalo Regency is formulated in the form of an institutional sub-model and a structural sub-program model. The management institutional sub-model is formulated in the form of an effective and participatory management institution by forming an Integrated Mangrove Forest Management Coordination Team.