Penyakit-Penyakit yang Berpotensi Menjadi Masalah pada Bulir Gandum di Indonesia

Abstract

Gandum (Triticum aestivum L.) merupakan tanaman serealia yang banyak dibudidayakan di daerah subtropis dan menjadi makanan pokok di dunia. Indonesia saat ini melakukan pengembangan gandum dan menghadapi beberapa kendala, salah satunya karena penyakit bulir gandum. Penelitian ini bertujuan memberikan informasi mendalam tentang penyakit bulir gandum oleh cendawan yang berpotensi menjadi masalah pada pertanaman gandum di Indonesia. Analisis berdasarkan hasil Pest Risk Analysis (PRA) patogen berupa potensi masuk, menetap, berkembang, dan dampak ekonomi yang ditimbulkan oleh penyakit bulir gandum. Informasi juga meliputi pentingnya penyakit tersebut, bioekologi patogennya, potensi penyakit tersebut menjadi masalah pada pertanaman gandum di Indonesia berdasarkan segitiga penyakit, dan potensi pengendaliannya. Penyakit bulir gandum yang berpotensi menjadi masalah pada pertanaman gandum di Indonesia yaitu yaitu scab/ hawar malai (Fusarium graminearum, F. culmorum, F. avenaceum, F. equiseti, F. acuminatum, F. trincictum, F. poae, F. camptoceras, F. moniliforme, F. longipes, F. sambucinum, F. nivale, F. sporotrichoides, F. chlamydosporum, F. semitectum, F. oxysporum, dan F. solani), black point/bintik hitam (Alternaria alternata, A. triticina, Cladosporium cladosporioides, Curvularia lunata, C. pallescens, Phoma glomerata, Helminthosporium sorokiniana, dan H. sativum), bercak Septoria (Septoria tritici dan S. nodorum), blast (Pyricularia oryzae dan P. graminis tritici), karnal bunt (Tilletia indica), common bunt (T. tritici dan T. laevis), dan ergot (Claviceps purpurea) dengan hasil PRA keseluruhan tergolong sedang. Walaupun baru diidentifikasi hingga genus, patogen bulir gandum yang sudah dilaporkan ada di Indonesia adalah Fusarium sp., Helmintsporium sp., Phoma sp., Curvularia sp., dan Alternaria sp.

Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) is a cereal crop that is widely cultivated in subtropical areas and wheat is the main staple food in the world. Indonesia is currently developing wheat production and is facing several obstacles, one of which is due to wheat grain diseases. This study aims to provide in-depth information about fungal grain disease which is a potential problem in wheat cropping in Indonesia. The analysis is based on the results of the Pest Risk Analysis (PRA) of pathogens in the form of the potential of entry, establishment, spread, and the economic impact of wheat grain diseases. This information includes the importance of the diseases, the bioecology of the pathogens, the potential for the diseases to become a problem in wheat cropping system in Indonesia based on the disease triangle, and the potential to control them. Grain diseases that have the potential to become a problem in wheat production in Indonesia are scab/ panicle blight (Fusarium graminearum, F. culmorum, F. avenaceum, F. equiseti, F. acuminatum, F. trincictum, F. poae, F. camptoceras, F. moniliforme, F. longipes, F. sambucinum, F. nivale, F. sporotrichoides, F. chlamydosporum, F. semitectum, F. oxysporum, and F. solani), black point/ black spot (Alternaria alternata, A. triticina, Cladosporium cladosporioides, Curvularia lunata, C. pallescens, Phoma glomerata, Helmintshosporium sorokiniana, and H. sativum), Septoria spot (Septoria tritici and S. nodorum), blast (Pyricularia oryzae and P. graminis tritici), karnal bunt (Tilletia indica), common bunt (T. tritici and T. laevis), and ergot (Claviceps purpurea) with moderate PRA results. Although still identified to the genus level, the pathogens of wheat grain diseases that have been reported in Indonesia are Fusarium sp., Helmintsporium sp., Phoma sp., Curvularia sp., and Alternaria sp.