Kajian karakter biomassa, kadar dan profil derivat xanthone serta potensi antioksidan kulit buah manggis pada berbagai aspek agronomi

Abstract

Research reports about the presence of xanthones compounds in the fruit hull of mangosteen and xanthone bioactivity provides great hope for Indonesia as mangosteen producing countries and is the center of origin of the mangosteen plant to explore utilization. Studies on isolation of types of xanthones and biological activity have been widely reported. However, there is a gap between research of chemical /pharmacological and agronomy fields, so it has not been clearly the known the cultuvation and environmental factors on the mangosteen tree. Xanthones development as industrial materials of phytopharmaca or other natural industry requires cultivation standard to produce the raw material of fruit hull which is determined according to industry standards. To achieve this we need studies on biomass production potential of mangosteen fruit hull, xanthone derivatives and profile, and antioxidant properties in aspects of agronomy. This research aims to study the influence of agroecology of production centers, various stages of fruit development of mangosteen and after the fruit is harvested, a diverse group of fruit quality, and the influence of farming inputs of N, P, K fertilization on biomass production of fruit hull, levels and profiles of xanthone derivates, and antioxidant properties. Research began in 2006 through January 2009. The plant material of the mangosteen fruit from mangosteen population in various centers: Leuwiliang, Bogor; Wanayasa, Purwakarta; Puspahiang, Tasikmalaya; Kaligesing, Purworejo dan Watulimo, Trenggalek. The analysis was conducted in various laboratories at the Department of Agronomy and Horticulture; Laboratory of RGCI, Laboratory of Ecophysiology; Integrated Laboratory, Faculty of Agriculture, IPB; and analytical profile of xanthones with Liquid Chromatography Mass Chromatography (LCMS) at the Institute of Molecular Biology, University of Queensland. The results showed that there are fruit hull varries with production location and different stages of fruit maturity. Production of fruit hull is not affected by cultivation technology. Watulimo mangosteen is the largest fruit size and thick hull, so it have the high hull biomass. During the development of fruit, fruit diameter and fruit weight increased until the fruit was 3 month after anthesis (MAA) and then did not change significantly when entering the final process of maturation, 74.99-75.51 g per fruit. The thickness of fruit hull is different between stage of fruit maturity, the highest is 2 MAA and decrease when the ripening fruit; the weight of the hull increase in accordance with the age of the fruit with the highest weight at 3 MAA that is 51.48 g/ fruit. After the fruit is harvested and stored happen deterioration of physical characteristics of fruit. Grouping of fruit quality based on physical characteristics affect hull thickness, weight of wet hull, dry and weight hull but does not affect the hardness of fruit hull; and also affect chemistry characters namely total soluble solids and vitamin C. Input cultivation of N and K fertilization did not increase the physical characters of the mangosteen fruit. Only posphor fertilization increases fruit weight significantly in both doses 600 and 1200 g P2O5 per tree, with fruit weight range 70.22-73.63 g/fruit. The thickness and weight of the fruit hull biomass increased with fertilization at the doses of 600 g P2O5/ tree and 1200 g P2O5/ tree with increased 20.7% and 24.1%. α-mangostin is a type of xanthones dominant for the fruits of various types of agroecology poduction centers, various fruit growth stages and after the fruit is harvested and stored, various group of quality mangosteen, and the tree fertilized with N, P and K. Levels of xanthones and α-mangostin of the fruit ages 1 to 4 MAA is no different, range 14.67-16.21 mg/g and 186.54-205.49 mg/g crude extract of the hull. Content of xanthones standar after the fruit is harvested increased, while levels of benzophenone and α-mangostin did not change. Dotted fruit had higher levels of xanthones standar and benzophenone, its have significantly higher than the fruit sap, but no different than any other fruit group. Only levels of P fertilization affect the xanthones derivat, phosphorus fertilization significantly decrease levels of xanthones standard and benzophenone at doses of 600 and 1200 g P2O5/tree; a reduction in consecutive 28.2% and 28.3%, while benzophenone decrease 45.3% and 45.4%. Levels of α-mangostin significantly decreased only in fertilizer P 1200 g P2O5 per tree with 15% decrease. The addition of P increase P levels in the hull fruit 12.4% at doses of 600 g P2O5/tree and 50% at 1200g/tree. Radical scavenging activity differ among of various centres, Watulimo fruit hull have lowest activity of radical scavenging that was different from the fruit hull of Wanayasa, Kaligesing, Leuwiliang; but as strong as the fruit of Tasikmalaya. The potential of the radical scavenger significantly different between the maturity of the fruit, IC50 values increased according to fruit maturity. The highest radical activity at fruit age of 1-2 MAA range 6.31-6.80 ppm and decreased with increasing of the fruit maturity. Fruit storage for 2 weeks did not affect lipid peroxidation activity, but reduce their activity as radical scavenger. Gruoping fruit based physical character does not affect free radical, IC50 values ranging from 5.57 to 6.11 ppm. Radical scavenging activity was not influenced by the doses of N, P and K fertlizier; IC50 values below 20 ppm. Xanthones profile in mangosteen hull extract are the same among the type of agroecology centers, fruit growth stadia and after the fruit is harvested and stored, a variety of physical conditions of mangosteen fruit, and fertilizer N, P, or K. In the chromatogram there are 20 peaks, with 6 compounds were identified as xanthones based on the characteristics of the UV spectrum and m/z, namely isomangostin, gartanin, 8-deoxygartanin, 9-hydroxycalabanxanthone, α- mangostin and β-mangostin; and 6 compounds were identified based on the m/z, namely dehydrasion of 6-O-methylmangostanine (m/z 422.18), whose loss 4 atomic H, mangostanol (m/z 426.17), mangoxanthone (m/z 396.16) whose loss 2H, mangostinone (m/z 380.16), mangostenone B ( m/z 462.21) are excess of two H atoms, mangostenone A (m/z 460.19) whose loss 1H, Garciniafuran (m/z 380 127) whose lost 4H.

Laporan penelitian tentang senyawa xanthone dalam kulit manggis dan bioaktivitasnya memberikan harapan besar bagi Indonesia sebagai negara penghasil manggis dan merupakan centre of origin dari tanaman manggis untuk menggali potensi pemanfaatannya. Kajian tentang isolasi berbagai jenis xanthone dan aktivitas biologinya pun telah banyak dilaporkan. Namun demikian, terdapat kesenjangan penelitian antara bidang kimia/farmakologi dengan bidang agronomi sehingga belum diketahui jelas faktor budidaya dan lingkungan yang mempengaruhi pembentukan xanthone dalam tubuh tanaman manggis. Pengembangan xanthone sebagai bahan baku industri fitofarmaka atau industri bahan alam lainnya memerlukan standar budidaya untuk menghasilkan bahan baku kulit manggis yang berkualitas sesuai standar industri yang ditentukan. Untuk mencapai hal tersebut maka diperlukan kajian tentang potensi produksi biomassa kulit manggis, kadar derivat xanthone dan profilnya serta daya antioksidannya ditinjau dari aspek agronomi. Penelitian ini bertujuan mempelajari pengaruh agroekologi sentra, berbagai stadia perkembangan buah manggis dan setelah buah dipanen, berbagai kelompok kualitas buah, dan pengaruh input budidaya pemupukan N, P, K terhadap produksi biomassa kulit buah, kadar dan profil xanthone serta potensi antioksidannya.