Pola Adaptasi Petani Garam Akibat Pengaruh Perubahan Iklim di Desa Donggobolo Kabupaten Bima
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Date
2021-08Author
Aldi, Davit
Nurhayati, Nurhayati
Putri, Eka Intan Kumala
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Perubahan iklim yang menyebabkan meningkatnya fenomena anomali cuaca
menyebabkan banjir maupun kekeringan yang memengaruhi nafkah rumah tangga
petani garam. Dampak perubahan iklim meliputi gagal panen, turunnya produksi
hingga tidak stabilnya harga garam memengaruhi pendapatan rumah tangga untuk
bertahan hidup tahun 2013–2017 di Kabupaten Bima. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk
menentukan dan mengkaji kerentanan rumah tangga petani garam, tindakan
resiliensi, pola adaptasi, serta merumuskan strategi untuk usaha garam
berkelanjutan di Desa Donggobolo Kecamatan Woha Kabupaten Bima akibat
perubahan iklim. Metode penilaian kerentanan rumah tangga petani garam pada
penelitian ini menggunakan analisis Livelihood Vulnerability Index (LVI), LVIIntergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), analisis tindakan resiliensi,
analisis deskriptif, dan analisis Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, and Threats
(SWOT). Pengambilan data dilakukan dengan sensus terhadap 81 rumah tangga
petani garam di Desa Donggobolo bulan Agustus–September 2020.
Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa rumah tangga petani garam dari Desa
Donggobolo memiliki nilai kerentanan 0,333 dan LVI-IPCC sebesar 0,172. Nilai
akhir indeks menunjukkan bahwa rumah tangga petani garam lebih cenderung
menuju arah kerentanan. Penilaian LVI dan LVI-IPCC meliputi indikator
variabilitas iklim, pangan, air, kesehatan, profil sosial dan kependudukan, strategi
penghidupan, dan jaringan sosial. Dalam pemenuhan kebutuhannya, petani garam
di Desa Donggobolo mengandalkan modal fisik sebagai modal utama pada sektor
publik maupun privat. Tindakan self-organisation merupakan tindakan resiliensi
dengan nilai tertinggi yang dimiliki rumah tangga petani garam. Faktor kedekatan
input sumberdaya ke lahan produksi menjadi kunci indikator reliance on own
resources memiliki nilai indikator resiliensi tertinggi. Selain itu, banyaknya rumah
tangga petani garam yang memiliki pekerjaan diluar produksi garam menjadikan
nilai indikator reciprocity termasuk kedalam kategori tinggi.
Berbagai tindakan adaptasi dilakukan rumah tangga petani garam sesuai
dengan fenomena iklim yang dihadapi. Pengaturan input jumlah tenaga kerja di
tambak garam, pemberhentian produksi, mencari alternatif nafkah, serta adaptasi
teknologi dilakukan sebagai bentuk adaptasi rumah tangga. Pengaturan input tenaga
kerja umumnya menyesuaikan dengan harga garam di pasaran dimana semakin
tinggi harga maka semakin banyak anggota keluarga yang terlibat untuk produksi
garam. Pemberhentian kerja dilakukan saat produksi sudah tidak dapat ditampung
gudang saat musim kemarau panjang serta saat kondisi frekwensi hujan tinggi yang
menyebabkan banjir sehingga pembentukan kristal garam tidak dapat terjadi.
Adaptasi teknologi seperti penggunaan plastik geoisolator dan rumah prisma garam
masih sulit diterima oleh petani garam karena sulit diterapkan dan harga garam
yang dihasilkan tidak berbeda. Kondisi produksi garam yang tidak stabil akibat
pengaruh iklim menyebabkan petani garam melakukan kegiatan lainnya untuk
pemenuhan nafkah seperti menanam padi, jagung, dan bawang serta melakukan
kegiatan diluar bidang pertanian seperti budidaya ikan bandeng. Tindakan adaptasi
dilakukan berdasarkan kemampuan dan mempertimbangkan ketersediaan modal
untuk menekan dampak negatif perubahan iklim terhadap sumber nafkah.
Perumusan strategi berguna untuk mempersiapkan usaha garam yang
berkelanjutan baik. Hasil perumusan strategi menunjukkan bahwa faktor eksternal
memiliki nilai bobot lebih besar dibandingkan faktor internal dengan perbandingan
nilai sebesar 3,572:2,648. Perumusan strategi menunjukkan hasil bahwa
penggunaan kombinasi strategi faktor kelemahan-ancaman (WT) menjadi prioritas
utama dengan total skor sebesar 4,004. Strategi tersebut meliputi pengendalian
kebijakan impor dan penetapan harga dasar garam untuk menjamin terbukanya
pasar industri dan jaminan pengendalian kestabilan harga garam . Climate change which causes an increase in the phenomenon of weather
anomalies causes floods and droughts that affect the household income of salt
farmers. The impacts of climate change include crop failure, decreased production
to unstable salt prices affecting household incomes to survive in 2013–2017 in
Bima Regency. This study aims to determine and assess the vulnerability of salt
farmer households, resilience measures, adaptation patterns, and formulate
strategies for sustainable salt business in Donggobolo Village, Woha District, Bima
Regency due to climate change. The method of assessing the vulnerability of salt
farmer households in this study used the Livelihood Vulnerability Index (LVI),
LVI- Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), analysis of resilience
measures, descriptive analysis, and analysis of Strengths, Weaknesses,
Opportunities, and Threats (SWOT). Data collection was carried out by means of a
census of 81 salt farmer households in Donggobolo Village in August–September
2020.
The results showed that the salt farmer household from Donggobolo Village
had a vulnerability value of 0.333 and LVI-IPCC of 0.172. The final value of the
index shows that salt farmer households are more likely to be in the direction of
vulnerability. The LVI and LVI-IPCC assessments include indicators of climate
variability, food, water, health, social and population profiles, livelihood strategies,
and social networks. In fulfilling their needs, salt farmers in Donggobolo Village
rely on physical capital as the main capital in the public and private sectors. Selforganization action is an action of resilience with the highest value owned by salt
farmer households. The factor of the proximity of resource inputs to production land
is the key indicator of reliance on own resources which has the highest indicator
value of resilience. In addition, the large number of salt farming households that
have jobs outside of salt production makes the reciprocity indicator value included
in the high category.
Various adaptation actions are carried out by salt farmer households in
accordance with the climatic phenomena they are facing. Setting the input of the
number of workers in salt ponds, stopping production, seeking alternative
livelihoods, and adapting technology are carried out as a form of household
adaptation. The regulation of labor input generally adjusts to the price of salt in the
market where the higher the price, the more family members are involved in salt
production. The work stoppage is carried out when production cannot be
accommodated by the warehouse during the long dry season and when conditions
of high rainfall frequency cause flooding so that the formation of salt crystals cannot
occur. Adaptation of technology such as the use of plastic geoisolators and
prismatic salt houses is still difficult for salt farmers to accept because it is difficult
to implement and the price of salt produced is not different. The unstable condition
of salt production due to climatic influences causes salt farmers to carry out other
activities to fulfill their livelihoods such as planting rice, corn, and onions as well
as carrying out activities outside the agricultural sector such as milkfish cultivation.
Adaptation actions are carried out based on capacity and considering the availability
of capital to reduce the negative impact of climate change on livelihoods.
Strategy formulation is useful for preparing a sustainable salt business. The
strategy formulation results show that external factors have a more excellent weight
value than internal factors with a value ratio of 3,572:2,648. The strategy
formulation shows that using a combination of the weakness-threats factor (WT)
strategy is the top priority with a total score of 4,004. The strategy includes
controlling import policies and setting a base price for salt to ensure industrial
markets' openness and guarantee control over salt prices' stability.