Deteksi Plastik pada Sistem Pencernaan Pecuk Padi Hitam (Phalacrocorax sulcirostris) dan Ekosistem Perairan di Suaka Margasatwa Pulau Rambut

Abstract

Polusi sampah plastik di perairan laut kini menjadi permasalahan baru karena menimbulkan dampak negatif bagi habitat dan biota laut. Permasalahan yang ditimbulkan diantaranya terjerat dan tertelannya plastik oleh biota laut dan dapat menyebabkan kematian. Pecuk padi hitam (Phalacrocorax sulcirostris) merupakan salah satu burung laut yang menghuni Suaka Margasatwa Pulau Rambut. Pecuk padi hitam merupakan satu-satunya burung yang mencari makanan secara langsung di laut dan berpotensi memakan plastik. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengidentifikasi dan mengkuantifikasi mikroplastik, mesoplastik dan makroplastik pada sistem pencernaan pecuk padi hitam, ikan dan perairan serta menganalisis plastik di rantai makanan pada ekosistem perairan laut di Pulau Rambut. Penelitian dilakukan di Suaka Margasatwa Pulau Rambut dengan mengumpulkan sampel pecuk padi hitam, ikan dan air. Sampel yang berisi pencernaan pecuk padi hitam dan ikan dicairkan dengan NaCl jenuh sedangkan sampel air dicampurkan dengan NaCl. Analisis mikroplastik dilakukan di laboratorium dengan bantuan mikroskop yang dibedakan berdasarkan tipe, warna dan ukuran. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan adanya mikroplastik di sistem pencernaan pecuk padi hitam sebanyak 320 partikel mikroplastik pada pencernaan pecuk padi hitam. Tipe mikroplastik yang ditemukan yaitu film (75%), fiber (18,75%) dan fragmen (6,25%). Warna mikroplastik yang ditemukan yaitu transparan, biru, hitam, merah dan kuning. Total mikroplastik yang ditemukan pada 8 ekor ikan sebanyak 110 partikel dengan tipe film dan fiber. Warna mikroplastik yang ditemukan adalah biru, hitam, merah dan transparan. Nilai kelimpahan mikroplastik pada air yaitu 57–300 partikel/m3 dengan nilai kelimpahan tertinggi yaitu di titik pengamatan sebelah Tenggara (sebelah kiri) dermaga saat air pasang pada kedalaman 50 cm dan jarak 50 meter dari pantai. Tipe mikroplastik yang ditemukan berupa film, fragmen dan fiber dengan warna transparan, biru, coklat, hijau, hitam, kuning dan merah. Ukuran mikroplastik yang mendominasi pada sampel pecuk padi hitam, ikan dan air yaitu 101–500 μm dan warna yang mendominasi adalah transparan. Tidak ditemukannya mesoplastik dan makroplastik pada burung dan ikan. Kelimpahan mesoplastik di perairan berkisar 0–0,8 item/m3, sedangkan kelimpahan berkisar 0–1,7 item/m3. Penelitian ini menunjukkan telah terjadinya perpindahan plastik dalam rantai makanan ekosistem perairan laut di Suaka Margasatwa Pulau Rambut.

Plastic waste pollution in marine environment, or commonly known as marine litter, has a negative impact for marine biota and their habitat. The impact of marine litter includes entanglement and plastic ingestion by marine biota which lead to death. Little black cormorant (Phalacrocorax sulcirostris) is one of the seabirds that inhabit Pulau Rambut Wildlife Sanctuary. These birds forage for food directly in the water and potentially ingesting plastic. The aims of this study were to identify and quantify microplastics, mesoplastics, and macroplastics in the little black cormorant and fish digestive system also in the waters and analyse plastics in the food chain in marine ecosystem at Pulau Rambut Wildlife Sanctuary. This study was conducted in Pulau Rambut Wildlife Sanctuary by collecting samples of little black cormorants, fish, and water. The samples of digestive content of the black little cormorant and fish were dissolved with saturated NaCl while the water sample was mixed with NaCl. Microplastics analysis was carried out in the laboratory by using a microscope. The results of this study showed the presence of microplastics in the little black cormorant digestive system. About 320 particles were found in the digestive system of little black cormorants. Type of microplastics that were found were 75% of film, 18,75% of fibre, and 6,25% of fragment. The colour of microplastics were transparent, blue, black, red, and yellow. Whereas microplastics that were found in fish digestive system were around 110 particles. The types of microplastics were film and fibre. The colour of microplastics were black, blue, red, and transparent. The abundance of microplastics in the water were 57–300 particle/m3 with the highest abundance located in the south (left) side of the jetty with the depth of 50 cm from the water level and 50 meters from the beach. Microplastics types that were found in the water including film, fragments, and fibre with type of colour such as transparent, blue, brown, green, black, yellow, and red. The size of the microplastics that dominated all samples of little black cormorant, fish, and water were the size of 101–500 μm and the dominating colour was transparent. Mesoplastic and macroplastic were not found in bird and fish. The abundance of mesoplastics was 0–0,8 item/m3 and abundance of macroplastics was 0–1,7 item/m3. This research showed that there was a presence of microplastic displacement in the food chain in marine ecosystems at Pulau Rambut Wildlife Sanctuary.